Effects of Food Processing, Storage, and Cooking on Nutrients in Plant-Based Foods
Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat in Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Milling is conducted to achieve size reduction of several cereal kernels to produce flour. The conventional milling process includes a cleaning step to remove dirt and rocks. The kernels continue through two more cleaning steps, one to remove impurities using an air aspirator and another one to remove traces of other grains using separators. A further step removes traces of metals using a magnetic separator. Subsequent steps include washing to separate any additional foreign materials followed by a conditioning step to adjust the moisture content of the grain and to achieve separation of several components of the kernel. The next stage of the process is the first break producing coarse grain particles and separates the bran (containing the fiber) from the germ and the endosperm (containing most of the starch). The rest of the process consists of successive grinding states to produce the desired particle size (A. Singh et al., 2015).
The Immunomagnetic Manipulation of Bone Marrow
Adrian P. Gee in BONE MARROW PROCESSING and PURGING, 2020
Recently, Liberti and Feeley23 have described a HGMS device that differs from those described above, having the advantage that the packing material is larger, and therefore does not deform when either placed into or removed from magnetic fields. Using their own immunocolloid, they have been able to separate cells on wires of between 0.8 to 3 mm diameter, rather than the 25 μm wires conventionally used. The same group has also developed separators using different arrangements of magnets. Liberti and Feeley23 have demonstrated that either quadropole, or multipole arrangements of magnets can be used for cell separations. The physics underlying these findings is beyond the scope of this review. Although these separators have been developed for batch cell separation, they are readily adaptable for large-scale separations, such as those needed for the manipulation of bone marrow.
Aromatic Medicine
Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam in Herbal Product Development, 2020
To confine EOs by hydrodistillation, the fragrant plant material is pressed in a still and an adequate amount of water is added and heated to the point of boiling; on the other hand, live steam is injected into the plant charge. Because of the impact of boiling water and steam, the EO is liberated from the oil organs in the plant tissue. The vapor blend of water and oil is consolidated by indirect cooling with water. From the condenser, distillate streams into a separator, where oil isolates consequently from the distillate water. Hydrodistillation framework, however the most established, is yet being broadly drilled for oil extraction. The plant material is in direct contact with bubbling water in an unrefined metallic distillation outfit. Orange bloom and flower petal oil units utilize this method (Reyes-Jurado et al., 2015).
Mortality among Tennessee Eastman Corporation (TEC) uranium processing workers, 1943–2019
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
John D. Boice, Sarah S. Cohen, Michael T. Mumma, Ashley P. Golden, Sara C. Howard, David J. Girardi, Elizabeth D. Ellis, Michael B. Bellamy, Lawrence T. Dauer, Keith F. Eckerman, Richard W. Leggett
TEC operated the electromagnetic separation process from 1943 to 1947 and employed the largest number of workers of all the early uranium processing plants involved in the Manhattan Project. The plant converted uranium oxide (UO3) received from the Mallinckrodt Chemical Works in Missouri to uranium chloride (UCl4). The UCl4 was then enriched, i.e. the percentage of 235U was increased by the calutron (mass spectrometer) electromagnetic separation process. The separation process involved two stages (‘alpha’ and ‘beta’), each consisting of multiple calutron separators. The alpha stage was discontinued in late 1945, when enriched uranium fluoride (UF6) was received from the Oak Ridge gaseous diffusion plant (K-25), converted to UF4, enriched further by the beta calutrons, and shipped to LANL for development of nuclear weapons.
Development and characterization of nano-emulsions and nano-emulgels for transdermal delivery of statins
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Mduduzi N. Sithole, Suzanne Marais, Sumari M. Maree, Lissinda H. Du Plessis, Jeanetta Du Plessis, Minja Gerber
A shake flask method was used to determine the log D of the selected statins. Equal volumes of PBS (pH 7.4) (phase 1) and n-octanol (phase 2) were mixed for 24 h to ensure co-saturation of both phases. This was then transferred to a separator funnel to ensure separation of the two phases. Phase 1 (pre-saturated PBS; bottom layer) and phase 2 (pre-saturated n-octanol; top layer) were drained into different beakers. The selected statin (40 mg) was added to 20 ml of pre-saturated n-octanol. A volume of 3 ml saturated octanol-statin solution was extracted and added to 3 ml of pre-saturated PBS (pH 7.4); this was done in triplicate. The test tubes were placed into a shaker water bath at 32°C for 8 h. Then, 1 ml of the octanol phase of each test tube (top layer) was transferred to separate 10 ml volumetric flasks and made up to volume with methanol. The volumetric flasks were mixed and subsequently analyzed with HPLC. The bottom layer (PBS) was also extracted from each test tube and analyzed by means of HPLC. This method was followed for each statin to determine the log D.
Recent advances in aerosol devices for the delivery of inhaled medications
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
As a multidose passive DPI with the active metering system, the Spiromax® (Teva Pharmaceuticals, Petach Tikva, Israel) is used to deliver budesonide/formoterol for the management of asthma and COPD. Although it looks like a conventional pMDI, its internal configuration is different than the pMDI. It is easy to use with one flip of a cover, and opening the cap on the mouthpiece loads the dose to the DPI to be inhaled by the patient. Thus, the drug is transferred from the drug reservoir to the dose cup, and the cyclone separator technology that creates turbulent flow breaks up the dry powder and separates fine drug particles from larger lactose particles. The main advantage of the Spiromax® is that it works across inspiratory flow rates from 30 L/min to 90 L/min. An in-vitro study showed that the Spiromax® has dose uniformity under controlled laboratory conditions[79]. Through extensive training, patients can achieve minimal inspiratory flow required for adequate drug delivery with the Spiromax®[80]. The Spiromax is sold as Respiclick® Inhaler in the US. It also has a dose counter that helps monitor doses accurately.
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