Inorganic Particulates in Human Lung: Relationship to the Inflammatory Response
William S. Lynn in Inflammatory Cells and Lung Disease, 2019
For many inorganic particulates, elemental composition is not sufficient for complete, accurate mineralogical characterization. In these instances, information about the crystalline structure of the material is required. Two techniques have been used in the study of inorganic particulates to obtain crystallographic data: X-ray diffraction, which is a bulk technique, and selected area electron diffraction, a microanalytical technique which permits analysis of individual microscopic particles and which may be performed on most modern transmission electron microscopes.12, 14 The diffraction of X-rays or electrons as they pass through the sample produces a characteristic pattern which may be recorded on photographic film, and the geometric and dimensional information obtained can then be related to the crystal structure through Bragg’s law. The diffraction patterns for thousands of known standard materials have been catalogued in the A.S.T.M. (American Society for Testing Materials) index. X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction have been used fairly extensively in the study of inorganic particulates extracted from lung tissues.6, 24–30 In addition, X-ray diffraction may be used in the quantitative determination of mineral species (e.g., quartz31 and asbestos32).
Patterned Sapphire and Chip Separation Technique in InGaN-Based LEDs
Iniewski Krzysztof in Integrated Microsystems, 2017
Figure 23.10 shows the TEM and selected area electron diffraction pattern (SADP) images for the sample prepared by using the nanosecond laser scribing and then exposed to air by using the focused ion beam lift-out technique. The diffraction pattern of the sapphire substrate near the damaged region indicates combined polycrystalline and/or amorphous phase, while the diffraction patterns far from the region damaged by the laser still maintain single crystalline phase. For long pulse widths where the field strength is lower, laser-induced breakdown is dominated by avalanche ionization [31]. The rate of heating is determined by the rate of laser energy absorption and the material is heated through Joule heating. Once the plasma of free electrons generated by avalanche ionization reaches a sufficiently high density, the material breaks down and ablation begins. At the same time, the electrons transfer energy to the ions and the lattice, and the material is heated up. The energy transfer from electrons to ions during the laser–matter interaction can be strong and heat diffusion can involve a much larger volume than the focus, which may result in the degraded transmittance by hindering the photon generated in MQW from being emitted to air.
Titania Nanotubes as Silver Nanoparticle Carriers to Prevent Implant-Associated Infection
Huiliang Cao in Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Devices, 2017
The TEM images in Figure 4.12 reveal that after anodisation, the crystallised NPs are uniformly distributed along the amorphous nanotubular wall. While some are totally enwrapped by the tubular wall, others are partially embedded. If the Ag concentration in the TiAg coating is large, the density of NPs after anodisation increases as expected. The high-resolution TEM images disclose lattice spacings of 1.81, 2.34 and 2.46 Å, corresponding to the (012), (011) and (002) crystallographic planes of hexagonal Ag2O, respectively. The selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) shows four diffraction rings representative of the (002), (011), (110) and (112) crystallographic planes of Ag2O as well. The results show that during anodisation of the TiAg coatings, Ag is oxidised to Ag2O NPs and embedded into the TiO2 NTs during growth.
Anticarcinogenic effect of gold nanoparticles synthesized from Albizia lebbeck on HCT-116 colon cancer cell lines
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Harikrishna Malaikolundhan, Gowsik Mookkan, Gunasekaran Krishnamoorthi, Nirosha Matheswaran, Murad Alsawalha, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, Surapaneni Krishna Mohan, Aiting Di
The UV spectrum was documented using a UV-vis double beam spectrophotometer (UV-1601, Shimadzu, Japan) at a wavelength vary from 300–700nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation (PhilpsX’Pert Pro X-ray diffractometer) was executed by preparing a thin film of powdered AL-AuNPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was carried out by a spectrum RX1 instrument in diffuse reflectance mode operated at a resolution of 4 cm−1 of the wavelength of about 4000–600 cm−1. The studies on morphology, size and composition of the AL-AuNPs were executed by the method of high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) (PHILIPS TECNAI 10). The selected area (electron) diffraction (SAED) pattern was assessed by using a Malvern Zetasizer instrument for the crystalline of structure. The SAED samples were prepared with Millipore filtered water for avoiding contamination reaction and SAED patterns were calculated the distance between the planes.
Impediment to growth and yeast-to-hyphae transition in Candida albicans by copper oxide nanoparticles
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Alwar Ramanujam Padmavathi, Sriyutha Murthy P., Arindam Das, Arumugam Priya, T. J. Sushmitha, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian, Subba Rao Toleti
The x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the NPs were recorded using a Rigaku SmartLab® X-Ray diffractometer (Rigaku, Japan) with Cu-Kα (λ = 1.54060°A) radiation source (2θ scan range = 5–80°). Crystallite size was calculated by Debye-Scherrer equation (Cullity 1978). The surface charge of the NPs was calculated from the electrophoretic mobility of CuO and Cu2O-NPs by PALS Zeta potential analyser Version 5.23 (ZetaPALS, Brookhaven, NY, USA) using the Smoluchowski model (Padmavathi et al. 2019). The effective diameter of the NPs was measured by dynamic light scattering in ultrapure water with the following parameters: temperature = 25 °C, viscosity= 0.89 cP, refractive index= 90.00, Wavelength= 658.0, average count rate= 10.3 kcps, refractive index real= 1.33. The morphologies of the NPs were recorded using Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) [Gemini ULTRA55, CARL ZEISS, Germany] (Padmavathi et al. 2019). Structural information was recorded using JEOL-2100+ high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) equipped with an eucentric goniometer stage (JEOL, the Netherlands). CuO and Cu2O-NPs were prepared as a dilute suspension in 2-propanol and dispersed by ultra-sonication prior to TEM analysis. Briefly, 2 µl of sample were placed on copper grids and dried. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) was performed by selecting areas of interest and inserting selected area apertures. SAED patterns were recorded using a Gatan charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. D-spacing was calculated from HR-TEM images using ImageJ version 1.52i (NIH, USA) (Liu et al. 2018).
Natural mineral fibers: conducting inhalation toxicology studies – part A: Libby Amphibole aerosol generation and characterization method development
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2023
Anbo Wang, Amit Gupta, Michael D. Grimm, David T. Pressburger, Barney R. Sparrow, Jamie S. Richey, John R. Shaw, Karen E. Elsass, Georgia K. Roberts, Pei-Li Yao, Matthew D. Stout, Benjamin J. Ellis, Robyn L. Ray
Selected area electron diffraction patterns presented by amphibole fibers are uniform rows of closely spaced spots with patterns that are influenced by the orientation of the fiber to the direction of the electron beam (Millette 1987). The presence of concise spots conveys the crystallinity of the fiber. Upon measurement, sets of zone-axis patterns of spots are used to describe types of amphiboles in conjunction with chemical composition measured by EDS (Meeker et al. 2003). The electron diffraction patterns for the aerosol sample and the bulk LA 2007 test material indicated the aerosol and bulk material were highly crystalline and were consistent with the standards of amphibole asbestos from the Libby amphibole, MT region (Meeker et al. 2003). Representative SAED images for aerosol sample and bulk LA 2007 test material are shown in Figure 9.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Crystallography
- Transmission Electron Microscopy
- Electron Diffraction
- Scattering
- Bragg'S Law
- Cardinal Point
- Optical Axis
- Aperture
- Crystbox
- Dark-Field Microscopy