Method of Extraction
Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf in Fingerprinting Analysis and Quality Control Methods of Herbal Medicines, 2018
In this method, the material to be extracted is placed in a “thimble” made of cellulose or cloth in a central compartment with a siphoning device and side-arm, both of which are connected to a lower compartment. The solvent is placed in a lower compartment and a reflux condenser is attached above the central sample compartment. Note that each component of the set up (solvent container, sample compartment, and reflux condenser) is a separate item of glass ware which is assembled together with the appropriate contents to make the complete apparatus. The solvent in the lower container (usually a round-bottomed flask) is heated to boiling, and the vapor passes through the side-arm up into the reflux condenser. Here, the vapor liquefies and drips into the thimble containing the material to be extracted. The warm solvent percolates through the material and the wall of the thimble and the extract gradually collects in the central compartment. Once the height of the extract reaches the top of the siphon, the entire liquid in the central compartment flows through this and back into the lower solvent container (Figure 2.4). The process is then repeated (Subramanian et al., 2016).
Production of Essential Oils
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Raw materials occurring in the form of hard grains have to be comminuted, for example, ground up before water distillation. This is carried out in the presence of water, such as in a wet-grinding turbine, and the water is used later during the distillation. The stills themselves are equipped with blade stirrers ensuring thorough mixing and particularly dislodging oil particles or biomass articles sticking to the walls of the still, the consequence of which can be burning and burnt notes. Dry grinding is likely to result in a significant loss of volatiles. Pepper, coriander, cardamom, celery seed, and angelica seed as well as roots, cumin, caraway, and many other seeds and fruits are treated in this manner. The process used in all these cases is called “turbo distillation.” The ratio oil/condensate is very low when this method is used, and it is for that reason that turbo distillation uses a fractionating column to enrich the volatiles. This also assists in preventing small particles of biomass passing into the condenser and contaminating the oil. As in many other distillation and rectification units, cold traps are installed to capture any very volatile oil constituents that may be present. This water-distillation procedure is also used for gums such as myrrh, olibanum, opopanax, and benzoin.
Ronald M. Atlas, James W. Snyder in Handbook Of Media for Clinical Microbiology, 2006
Preparation of Crude Mycobactin: Grow My-cobacterium phlei in 600.0mL of mycobactin production broth for 2 weeks at 37°C. Autoclave the culture for 15 min at 15 psi pressure-121°C. Filter the cells and wash with distilled/deionized water. Dry cells under CaCl2. Treat 100.0g of dried culture with three successive acetone extractions—500.0mL of acetone for 30 min in a 1.0L flask fitted with a reflux condenser. Evaporate the acetone to dryness. Extract the residue in a Soxhlet apparatus with petroleum ether for 18-20 hr at 40°-60°C. A hard red residue will remain. Dissolve the residue in warm absolute ethanol. Centrifuge for 30 min at 2250 rpm to remove debris. Evaporate the supernatant to dryness. Grind the residue to a powder of crude mycobactin.
Recent advances in freeze-drying: variables, cycle optimization, and innovative techniques
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Mohammed M. Mehanna, Kawthar K. Abla
The conventional freeze-dryer consists of five main components: refrigerator unit, vacuum unit, control unit, product chamber or manifold, and the condenser. The refrigeration is employed to cool both; the shelves within the product chamber and to cool the condenser. The vacuum unit provides pressure for conducting the drying stages. The system is made up of a separate vacuum pump attached to the chamber and connected to an airtight condenser. The control system contains temperature and pressure sensors attaining to set up these critical values as required. The product chamber of the freeze-dryer is either a manifold with attached flasks or a chamber containing shelves where the product is placed and dried. The condenser aims to collect the vapor released by ice within the product, where the vapor condensed before returning into ice within the condenser itself. The accumulated ice is removed manually at the end of the drying stage. The condenser temperature is dictated by Tp and the product freezing point. The refrigeration system should keep the temperature of the condenser below the product temperature. Typically, the temperature of the condenser in the commercial freeze-dryer is about −65 °C (; Bisht and Iqbal 2018; Garcia-Amezquita et al. 2015).
Fabrication of a dual stimuli-responsive magnetic nanohydrogel for delivery of anticancer drugs
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Bakhshali Massoumi, Rogayeh Mossavi, Sanaz Motamedi, Hossein Derakhshankhah, Somayeh Vandghanooni, Mehdi Jaymand
The DMAEMA and MA as vinyl monomers were grafted onto Fe3O4 NPs through a free radical ‘grafting from’ approach as follows. The MPS-Fe3O4 NPs (1.50 g) were dispersed in dried N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 50 ml) through sonication for 15 min followed by stirring for 1 h. Then, the DMAEMA (3 ml, 20 mmol) and MA (0.50 g, 5 mmol) monomers were added to the flask, and the flask was equipped with a reflux condenser. The reaction mixture was de-oxygenated by argon gas. At this time, the initiator (AIBN, 20 mg; 0.11 mmol) was added to the flask, and the reaction was proceeded at 80 °C for about 72 h under an inert atmosphere with continuous stirring. Afterward, the Fe3O4@P(DMAEMA-co-MA) core-shell NPs were collected by using a strong magnet bar, re-dispersed in DMF (50 ml), and isolated again to remove un-grafted polymeric chains or un-reacted monomers. Finally, the obtained NPs were dried under vacuum.
Continuous positive airway pressure affects mitochondrial function and exhaled PGC1-α levels in obstructive sleep apnea
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2021
Ching-Chi Lin, Wei-Ji Chen, Yi-Kun Sun, Chung-Hsin Chiu, Mei-Wei Lin, I-Shiang Tzeng
In this study, we used TurboDECCS (Medivac, Parma, Italy) equipment to collect EBC samples. This device has a mouth piece with a separate inlet (an inhalation port) and outlet (to direct exhaled breath toward the condensing apparatus), a collection cell inserted in a Peltier-type electrical cooling system to adjust the temperature from 0 °C to −10 °C, and a one-way valve with a saliva collector to avoid the inhalation of ambient air through the condenser and to prevent saliva contamination. The one-way valve can also prevent patients from inhaling cold air through the condenser. The coating inert material on the surface of the collection devices was polypropylene.15,16
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chemistry
- Distillation
- Distilled Water
- Reflux
- Soxhlet Extractor
- Ground Glass Joint
- Retort
- Microscale Chemistry
- Explosive Boiling Or Phase Explosion
- Dry Distillation