Anti-inflammatory, Anti-allergic, Antipyretic, Antinociceptive, Antithrombotic, and Anti-coagulant Activities of Seaweeds and their Extracts
Leonel Pereira in Therapeutic and Nutritional Uses of Algae, 2018
Lectins, sometimes referred to as hemagglutinins or agglutinins, are glycoproteins with an ability to agglutinate red blood cells (Boyd and Reguera 1949). Various polysaccharides are present on cell surfaces, and as a result many cells including microbes and yeasts (Bird et al. 1992, Cisar et al. 1995), tumor cells (Hori et al. 1986), and erythrocytes are selectively agglutinated by lectins (Chen et al. 1995). Lectins are inhibited by sugars of the same type as those on the surface of the cells being agglutinated (Sharma and Sahni 1993). They are useful in exploring properties of biological structures and processes, and have found applications in biology, cytology, biochemistry, medicine, and food science and technology. Lectins from Codium spp. have been developed into commercially available reagents and are routinely used in biochemical studies.
Commercial Scale Manufacturing of Oligonucleotides Under Good Manufacturing Practices
Eric Wickstrom in Clinical Trials of Genetic Therapy with Antisense DNA and DNA Vectors, 2020
By necessity, the preparation and delivery of reagents to a large-scale synthesis is more automated than at smaller scales. In addition to the obvious operational advantages of decreased cost and increased throughput, automation also results in higher quality and reproducibility. The reagents prepared for large scale syntheses are mixed in a dedicated solution preparation area in large volume, reducing the variability that can occur when a number of small lots are prepared separately. Since moisture can have an adverse effect on synthesis yield, the stainless steel tanks used as reagent reservoirs at large scale provide a more effective barrier to moisture, and the use of stainless steel couplings enables moisture-free transfer of reagents both in preparing solutions and in charging the synthesizers.
Use of Enzymes in the Downstream Processing of Biopharmaceuticals
Peter Grunwald in Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
The downstream processing is indisputably the most challenging stage in biopharmaceutical manufacturing (Gronemeyer et al., 2014). The selection of a train of recovery and purification operations requires an adequate knowledge of the properties of the target molecule and associated impurities. Then, one must examine the different unit operations available (e.g., microfiltration, centrifugation, extraction, precipitation, chromatography, etc.), and sequence them in such a way that the final product meets the expected quality (Heinzle et al., 2006). Ideally, the overall process should have a small number of high-yield steps and lengthy operations should be avoided, so that processing costs and complexity are reduced. In general, manufacturing processes with a larger number of operations are required to obtain highly pure biopharmaceuticals, but this often comes with a high cost in terms of yield (Gronemeyer et al., 2014). Additionally, any reagents used should be considered safe a priori, to expedite both validation and approval by regulatory agencies.
A new decade awaits sticky platelet syndrome: where are we now, how do we manage and what are the complications?
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2022
Jan Stasko, Pavol Holly, Peter Kubisz
Standardization of platelet function tests, as already pointed out, is the main limiting factor for the future research of platelet disorders both in SPS and in general. The last decade’s attempts to unify and provide guidelines for the preanalytic phase of platelet aggregometry are a promising and much-needed start. The standardization of the analytic and post-analytic phases, unfortunately, represents a more challenging problem. As of today, a broad spectrum of reagents and analyzers and several relatively well-established methods are available. The consensual identification of reference method and reagents, together with exact rules for their handling, preparation, and recommended concentrations, would be an ideal solution for the analytic phase. However, the close international, multicenter and expert collaboration, a necessity for achieving such consensus, is challenging and time-demanding. It would likely take at least several years to reach and implement its outcomes to day-to-day practice.
Delivery of antisense oligonucleotide using polyethylenimine-based lipid nanoparticle modified with cell penetrating peptide
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Shuang Yang, Dandan Wang, Yaojun Sun, Bin Zheng
PEI (branched, 25 kDa), palmitic acid (PA) (≥99%), and palmitoyl chloride (98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Fmoc-l-arginine and 2-chlorotrityl chloride resins were purchased from JiEr Biochemistry Company (Shanghai, China). O-benzotriazol-1-yl-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (Hobt), and N,N-diisopropyl ethylamine (DIEA) were purchased from Xiya Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Egg phosphatidylcholine (ePC) and cholesterol were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. (Shanghai, China). LOR-2501 (5′-CTC TAG CGT CTT AAA GCC GA-3′) and 5′-Cy3-labled LOR-2501 were synthesized by Biomics Biotechnologies (Jiangsu, China). 4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Rockford, IL). Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI 1640), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from HyClone (Logan, UT). GAPDH, anti-R1 antibody and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG were obtained from Abcam Inc. (Cambridge, MA). HeLa cells and A549 cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). All other analytical reagents were commercially obtained in reagent grade.
Alternative method to improve the ethyl valerate yield using an immobilised Burkholderia cepacia lipase
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Wellington Correa Moreira, Alfredo Luís Pereira Elias, Wislei Riuper Osório, Giovana Silva Padilha
The highest performance is that the concatenated enzyme loading (200mg/mL), the substrate concentration (500mM) and a period time higher than 72h are considered (titration method). However, the GC values indicate no substantial yielding values. The results shown in Figure 3 indicate that with a lower enzyme loading (100mg/mL) and the substrate concentration (100mM), a GC value in the same magnitude is reached. This seems to be associated with the low substrate concentration minimising the water generated during the reaction. In this case, the decrease in the water concentration favours the right reaction direction (ethyl valerate synthesis). Another observation is that the increasing of the substrate concentrations leads to an enzyme inactivation as a terminal inhibitor of the lipases (alcohol) or an acidification of the micro aqueous interface (acid) is prevalent. Consequently, a lower quantity of the reagents and biocatalyst to a more economical feasible processing is induced.
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