Uncertainties of IGRT for lung cancer
Jing Cai, Joe Y. Chang, Fang-Fang Yin in Principles and Practice of Image-Guided Radiation Therapy of Lung Cancer, 2017
Radiation therapy is an integral treatment modality in the management of all stages and types of lung cancer. In many circumstances, radiation therapy is the primary modality necessary for a cure. Thus, careful treatment planning and execution are critical to achieve optimal clinical outcomes. Furthermore, radiation therapy can lead to side effects based on the amount of normal tissue that is exposed. This is particularly relevant for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), where large daily doses are utilized. Accurate dose delivery is critical to achieve an optimal risk/benefit profile. Complicating this, are many uncertainties present throughout the process of staging (i.e., determining the extent of disease), treatment planning, and implementation. An understanding and appreciation of these uncertainties will help guide radiation oncologists in the management of this common malignancy.
Developing Technologies for Small Animal Radiotherapy
George C. Kagadis, Nancy L. Ford, Dimitrios N. Karnabatidis, George K. Loudos in Handbook of Small Animal Imaging, 2018
Tumors in humans usually are on the order of a few centimeters when they receive radiation therapy. Radiation fields employed in radiotherapy for cancer treatment are rarely smaller than 1 cm. Most beam delivery systems have a precision of a few millimeters. To perform similar treatments in small lab animals, one must realize that, for example, a mouse lung measures only 1 or 2 cm at most in its largest dimension and that tumors within the lung are even smaller. Therefore, a precision (combined positioning, stability, and reproducibility) of a few millimeters is not sufficient for mouse radiotherapy studies. Instead, submillimeter precision is required, ideally on the order of 0.1 mm. For targeting subareas in tumors for boost studies, better precision may be needed. The possible size of the radiation beam should be 1 mm or smaller if substructure targeting is desired.
Overview of Traditional Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment for Women-Associated Cancers
Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid in Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Radiation therapy uses high-power energy beams such as x-rays, protons, given for specific number of times for a particular duration to eliminate cancer cells from the organ. Radiation therapy is given either externally by directing a radiation beam at an affected area or internally by placing a device filled with radioactive material inside within or near tumour. For some cancers, radiation is the only treatment required, whereas it may also be used as a part of combined multimodality treatment for other types. Some common side effects from radiation therapy includes fatigue, skin reaction, reduce bowel movements and abdominal pain. Advanced radiotherapy techniques, such as intensity-modulated RT (IMRT), have been shown to reduce treatment-related toxic effects in women [21].
Regulation of Fas in response to bortezomib and epirubicin in colorectal cancer cells
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2020
Cancer can arise from the abnormal activity of many proteins that served as a key function in signal transduction, such as cell cycle regulation and programmed cell death.1 Although the rate of cancer case increases with each passing year, there are also promising developments in terms of treatment. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer type and the five-year survival rate is less than 30% for advanced colorectal cancer.2 Therefore, the development of new alternative modalities for the treatment of this disease is highly important. Radiation therapy or chemotherapeutic agents are widely used in cancer treatment because of their ability to kill tumor cells. These methods are effective in killing rapidly dividing cells and the killing activity increases with higher doses. However, these treatment modalities can not distinguish cancerous cells from normal cells; therefore, they may have a great deal of damage to normal healthy cells along with cancerous cells. In recent years, in addition to radiotherapy or chemotherapy, immunotherapy approaches which stimulate the body’s defense system against cancer cells are widely used, and studies in this field are of great importance.3,4 Despite many studies, current treatment methods are still insufficient. Therefore, contributing to studies in the field of cancer immunotherapy will help to lower the mortality rate caused by cancer.
Innate lymphoid cells regulate radiation-induced skin damage via CCR10 signaling
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Yiwen Mao, Rui Tao, Xiaoping Cao, Qin Bao, Dong Wang, Ye Zhao
Radiation therapy is used to treat many cancers. It is a form of electromagnetic radiation using X-rays of the wavelength between 0.01 and 10 nm, which are shorter than ultraviolet rays and usually longer than gamma rays. It is generally believed that radiation therapy has biological effects within hours to weeks after exposure, causing extensive damage to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA and inhibiting cell division and replication capabilities. This damage causes structural destruction of tissues, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduction of functional stem cells, inflammatory reactions in the epidermis and dermis and necrosis of skin cells, which is generally termed ‘radiation damage’. Radiation damage could lead to many complications in patients, such as acute radiation dermatitis (ARDs).
Tumor treating fields (TTF) treatment enhances radiation-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Yunhui Jo, Geon Oh, Yongha Gi, Heehun Sung, Eun Bin Joo, Suk Lee, Myonggeun Yoon
Despite ongoing Phase III clinical trial of TTF + chemothearpy, few preclinical studies to date have tested the effects of TTF or TTF plus radiotherapy on pancreatic cancer cells. Radiation therapy is used to treat cancer by directly or indirectly damaging the DNA of cells and inducing apoptosis through various mechanisms. The pancreas is moderately sensitive to radiation, so a dose of 70 Gy or higher is recommended for treatment (Wilkowski et al. 2005). However, due to radiation-sensitive organs such as the liver, kidneys, and spinal cords, which are organs around the pancreas, side effects of radiation are inevitably concerned. Therefore, the use of radiosensitizers can optimize the therapeutic effect with lower doses of radiation, which means lower side effects. Although plenty of radiosensitizers exist, we previously confirmed that TTF in glioblastoma itself has cancer treatment as well as synergistic effect as a radiosensitizer when combined with radiotherapy (Kim et al. 2016).
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