Binders in Pharmaceutical Granulation
Dilip M. Parikh in Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Polyvinyl Alcohol is a well-established polymer in the pharmaceutical industry mainly due to its unique properties, such as excellent adhesive strength, film formation, and chemical stability (moisture and oxygen barrier properties). Its most widely used applications are tablet coating and wet granulation, but PVA also plays an important role in solubility enhancement, transdermal patches, and emulsions. This polymer is produced through the hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate and typical pharmaceutical grades are partially hydrolyzed materials. PVA is available in a variety of viscosity grades and grades from 10 to 100 millipascal second (mPa.s) lend themselves for tablet granulation processes. PVA’s are water-soluble polymers. It is reported that they form softer granulations, which yield tablets that do not harden with age [9]. They can also be used in melt granulation applications. In addition, polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer was also developed as a flexible, low viscosity, peroxide-free polymer for immediate release film-forming agent. Studies have found that this graft copolymer has the superior binding performance to HPMC while the performance was comparable to PVP [10].
Synthetic Polymers in Cosmetics
E. Desmond Goddard, James V. Gruber in Principles of Polymer Science and Technology in Cosmetics and Personal Care, 1999
These unique linear polymers are extremely lubricious (a characteristic also associated with the high-molecular-weight PEOs) and lend a beneficial slippery feel to a formulation. They are also excellent aids for dispersing sparingly water-soluble components as well as solid materials such as titanium dioxide. One particularly interesting aspect associated with these polymers is their exothermic heat of solution, a thermodynamic phenomenon that causes aqueous solutions in which the polymers are initially dissolved to warm. This quality has found commercial utility in self-heating, hot oil treatments. Poly(vinyl alcohol). Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), 13, is derived commercially by the catalytic hydrolysis of poly(vinyl acetate), 12, (Fig. 15) . The characteristic solution properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) are dictated by the molecular weight of the polymer and by the extent of hydrolysis of the acetate groups on the polymer backbone. The PVA polymer is sparingly water-soluble when hydrolysis is less than . Hydrolysis of the polymer between 70 and affords materials that are readily soluble in cold water and insoluble in hot (i.e., these materials have a cloud point). The optimum level of hydrolysis to obtain complete water solubility in both hot and cold water is above . However, PVA hydrolyzed above is highly crystalline in its solid form and requires
Bio-Implants Derived from Biocompatible and Biodegradable Biopolymeric Materials
P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas in Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
Other examples are poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(hydroxyl butyrate) (PHB) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) [8]. Plastics which are good for biomedical applications are polypropylene (PP), PU, and polyethylene (PE) and equally found useful. Some of the polymers are soluble in water. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylic acid (PAA), and guar gum have used for similar applications [12].
Diltiazem-loaded electrospun nanofibers as a new wound dressing: fabrication, characterization, and experimental wound healing
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Ramin Seyedian, Elham Shabankareh Fard, Seyede Sahar Hashemi, Hossein Hasanzadeh, Majid Assadi, Sasan Zaeri
Polyvinyl alcohol served as a nontoxic polymer with high electrospinability. Incorporation of DLTZ into the PVA solution not only did not interfere with the electrospinning process, but actually yielded thinner nanofibers. As a water-soluble drug, DLTZ may have increased polarity of the polymer solution, resulting in better conductivity and hence thinner fibers (Xue et al. 2017). Because the surface-to-volume ratio of nanofibers is directly proportional to fiber size, PVA/DLTZ 4% can be presumed to have a higher surface-to-volume ratio compared to the other mats tested in the present study. The greater porosity of the PVA/DLTZ 4% mats may also be associated with the thinner fiber diameter. Porous nanofibers allow more oxygen diffusion to the wound area and facilitate accommodation of the fibroblasts into the scaffold, resulting in better wound healing (Zhang et al. 2019).
Novel chitosan and bacterial cellulose biocomposites tailored with polymeric nanoparticles for modern wound dressing development
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Paul-Octavian Stanescu, Ionut-Cristian Radu, Rebeca Leu Alexa, Ariana Hudita, Eugenia Tanasa, Jana Ghitman, Oana Stoian, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Octav Ginghina, Catalin Zaharia, Mikhail Shtilman, Yaroslav Mezhuev, Bianca Galateanu
The synthesis of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/polyvinyl alcohol/methyl oleate (PNIPAM/PVA/MO) nanoparticles is based on a radical polymerization mechanism of the corresponding monomer and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and methyl oleate (MO). Briefly, aqueous solutions of polyvinyl alcohol (0.5 and 5 wt. % concentration) were prepared. In the meantime, aqueous solutions of N-isopropylacrylamide monomer (NIPAM) with 0.5 and 5 wt. % concentration was prepared, and the potassium persulfate initiator (KPS) was dissolved accordingly. Solutions of NIPAM/PVA 5 wt. % and NIPAM/PVA 0.5 wt. % were prepared by stirring for 2–3 h. After obtaining NIPAM/PVA 0.5 and 5% solutions, the mixtures were divided into four parts and methyl oleate (MO) was added in ratios 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 v/v within the mixture (Table 1). N-isopropylacrylamide/polyvinyl alcohol/methyl oleate (NIPAM/PVA/MO) solutions were subjected to vigorous stirring for 12 h to prepare the nanoparticles suspension. The NIPAM/PVA/MO nanoparticles suspension was heated at 60 °C for 4–5 h for NIPAM grafting and final stabilization of nanoparticles suspension. The final systems were obtained as core-shell nanocapsules with a methyl oleate core, PVA interfacial stabilizer, and PNIPAM as a polymeric shell. The layered core-shell structuration is beneficial to get nanocarriers with surface entrapped drugs for higher release efficiency (Li et al., 2009).
Development and characterization of polymeric-based nanoparticles for sustained release of amoxicillin – an antimicrobial drug
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Enes Güncüm, Nuran Işıklan, Ceren Anlaş, Nilgün Ünal, Elif Bulut, Tülay Bakırel
Another biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic polymer is poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Because of these properties and its simple chemical structure and easiness of chemical modification, it has been extensively used in many biomedical applications including burn wound dressing, artificial muscle, contact lenses, vocal cord reconstruction and in pharmaceutical fields [20–22]. However, PVA is a hydrophilic polymer [23] and especially for drug delivery applications, its weak stability in water has restricted its use in aqueous systems. In order to overcome this issue, insoluble PVA can be formulated by cross-linking, copolymerizing, grafting and blending, which need some additional and sometimes complex and time-wasting procedures [24–26]. The method of polymer blending can be regarded as a beneficial means to prepare a new polymer blend of PVA/NaAlg. To obtain crosslinked NaAlg using glutaraldehyde, the chemical reaction between the aldehyde groups of glutaraldehyde and hydroxyl groups of NaAlg can be used [27].
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