Binders in Pharmaceutical Granulation
Dilip M. Parikh in Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Polyvinyl Alcohol is a well-established polymer in the pharmaceutical industry mainly due to its unique properties, such as excellent adhesive strength, film formation, and chemical stability (moisture and oxygen barrier properties). Its most widely used applications are tablet coating and wet granulation, but PVA also plays an important role in solubility enhancement, transdermal patches, and emulsions. This polymer is produced through the hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate and typical pharmaceutical grades are partially hydrolyzed materials. PVA is available in a variety of viscosity grades and grades from 10 to 100 millipascal second (mPa.s) lend themselves for tablet granulation processes. PVA’s are water-soluble polymers. It is reported that they form softer granulations, which yield tablets that do not harden with age [9]. They can also be used in melt granulation applications. In addition, polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer was also developed as a flexible, low viscosity, peroxide-free polymer for immediate release film-forming agent. Studies have found that this graft copolymer has the superior binding performance to HPMC while the performance was comparable to PVP [10].
Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Rubber and Plastic Gloves
Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach in Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Completely cured plastic materials are not generally considered sensitizers, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene or polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), polyvinyl alcohol, and other materials used in plastic gloves rarely cause allergic contact dermatitis. The use of plastic materials for personal protective equipment has become common since the 1950s, but in most countries, plastic gloves are possibly less used than rubber gloves. One reason for this may still be that the users find plastic gloves less comfortable because they are not always as soft and pliable as rubber gloves and do not completely follow the contours of the hands. Accordingly, most reports on allergic contact eczema from plastic gloves are based on only one or a few cases.5 In a German study, 31 patients investigated from 1969 to 1984 were sensitized from the use of rubber or vinyl gloves; 10% of them were allergic to vinyl gloves.32 Similar results were obtained in a Finnish study: 5 (7%) of 68 patients were sensitized due to the use of PVC gloves.2 Since then, only three definite cases of vinyl glove allergy have been diagnosed at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH).33,34 In a Japanese questionnaire study, however, 31 (51%) of 61 women who had developed contact dermatitis from using household gloves linked their skin symptoms with the use of vinyl gloves and 26 (43%) with rubber gloves. Irritation was suggested as the cause of the vinyl glove dermatitis, not an allergy to the material itself.35
Formaldehyde
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel in Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
Acetic acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acids. It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, mainly used in the production of cellulose acetate, especially for photographic film and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, as well as synthetic fibers and fabrics. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents. In the food industry, acetic acid is used under the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment. As a food additive, it is approved for usage in the EU,3 the United States,4 Australia, and New Zealand.5
Mucoadhesive polymeric films comprising polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and poloxamer 407 for pharmaceutical applications
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Camila Felix Vecchi, Gabriel Batista Cesar, Paulo Ricardo de Souza, Wilker Caetano, Marcos Luciano Bruschi
PVA is known as a biocompatible and hydrophilic polymer, displaying good mechanical properties and also to obtain blends with other hydrophilic polymers (Seabra and De Oliveira, 2004; Vanjeri et al. 2019). PVA is used in many applications such as film-forming and for increasing the mechanical properties of films (Gaaz et al. 2015). Moreover, this polymer presents important properties, such as water solubility and capacity to hold a high amount of liquid, giving blood compatibility, and allows elasticity and structural integrity (Teodorescu et al. 2019). It is obtained from the radical polymerization of its monomer vinyl acetate, forming the polyvinyl acetate, followed by a hydrolysis reaction that results in the PVA (Buwalda et al. 2014). However, this reaction is not always complete, which results in a polymer with certain degrees of hydrolysis (AL-Sabagh and Abdeen 2010), which influences the solubility of the polymer.
Optimization and in vivo evaluation of quetiapine-loaded transdermal drug delivery system for the treatment of schizophrenia
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Milan B. Agrawal, Mayur M. Patel
Batches PA1 and PA2 were manufactured by the usage of ethylcellulose along with PEG and DBP, respectively. The above solution mixture prepared thereof was found to be transparent but the resulting patch was hazy and opaque. Batches PA3 and PA4 were formulated by the usage of PVP K30 along with PEG and DBP, respectively, the obtained mixture was transparent while the patch obtained was brittle. For polyvinyl acetate (PVA), the polymeric mixture obtained was hazy for PEG (batch PA5) as well as for DBP (batch PA6). In the case of HPMC K100M, the resulting polymeric solution obtained was very viscous for PEG (batch PA7) as well as for DBP (batch PA8). The same observation was observed in the case of HPMC K15M also where batches PA9 and PA10 were prepared by the usage of PEG and DBP, respectively.
Use of cellulose acetate butyrate as a carrier for preparation of alcohol-resistant matrix tablet
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Rebaz Ali, Langa Toufik, Andriy Dashevskiy
Polymers such as polyvinyl acetate (Kollidon® SR), ammonium methacrylate copolymer (Eudragit® RS/RL) and ethylcellulose (Ethocel®) are used as water-insoluble carriers (Katikaneni et al. 1995; Song et al. 2016; Ali 2017). Cellulose acetate butyrate esters are a group of water-insoluble polymers that dissolve in highly flammable organic solvents such as acetone. However, CAB with high hydroxyl level dissolves in a less dangerous organic solvent such as alcohol (Eastman 2006). Alcohol soluble CAB, as a water-insoluble polymer, was investigated as a new coating material for osmotic pump tablets (Ali et al. 2018). Despite the advantages of extended-release dosage forms, the potential drug release acceleration associated with alcohol consumption is a general concern. In mid-1970 through 1980, few studies were conducted to determine the effect of ethanol on the in vitro and in vivo dissolution of a drug from microencapsulated and extended-release tablets (Frömming and Topaloglu 1975; Frömming and Schwabe 1980). Hydromorphone, formulated into extended-release pellets (Palladone XL®) using ethylcellulose and Eudragit® RS, was withdrawn from the US market due to the potentially fatal dose dumping caused by alcohol (Meyer and Hussain 2005). Hence, there is a strong need to investigate the potential of alcohol to alter the drug release profile from extended-release products.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Acetic Acid
- Degree of Polymerization
- Ester
- Glass Transition
- Hydrolysis
- Polyvinyl Alcohol
- Aliphatic Compound
- Natural Rubber
- Polyvinyl Ester
- Thermoplastic
- Degree of Polymerization