Other Preventive Methods
J G Webster in Prevention of Pressure Sores, 2019
Sutton et al used pads made of highly structured carbon fibers of about 9 μm in diameter. These were made by carbonizing polyacrylonitrile fibers. Preclinical animal experiments showed that the stress–strain behavior of the pads matched that of the skin within 8 weeks (figure 13.4). In addition, histological examination revealed healthy collagen fibers intertwined with carbon fibers within the implanted pad, and no carbon was found in the paraaortic or lymph nodes. Sutton et al reported the insertion of carbon pads in 23 patients. Figure 13.5 shows postoperative pressure recordings which confirm the effectiveness of such pads in distributing ischial pressures over a larger area.
Iodine that sustains electronic and information materials
Tatsuo Kaiho in Iodine Made Simple, 2017
Graphite is comprised of multiple layers of thin plate-like carbon crystals. It shows superior heat resistance and conductivity, is lightweight, and has high tensile strength. Graphite has an increasingly broad range of use. For example, graphite molded into block form is used as battery electrodes or as the outer wall of a space shuttle. Graphite in fiber form, also known as carbon fiber, is used for F1 cars and state-of-the-art aircrafts. Currently, the mainstream method to create graphite is by high heat processing of polyacrylonitrile.
Industrial Uses Of Phosphonates
Richard L. Hilderbrand in The Role of Phosphonates in Living Systems, 2018
Dye modifiers — Phosphonates such as diethylethanephosphonate have been used in tone- in-tone dyeing.49 Polyacrylonitrile fibers are made more receptive to basic dyes by addition of phosphonate anionic surfactant salts, which are insoluble in water and polyacrylonitrile solvents.50
The Rhei radix rhizoma-based carbon dots ameliorates dextran sodium sulphate-induced ulcerative colitis in mice
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2023
Yifan Zhang, Jie Zhao, Yusheng Zhao, Xue Bai, Yumin Chen, Yuhan Liu, Yue Zhang, Hui Kong, Huihua Qu, Yan Zhao
For UC, inflammation and oxidative stress have been most extensively studied as common cause. RRR-CDs have significant therapeutic effects, both symptomatic treatment and underlying mechanisms of treatment. The mouse tail tip bleeding experiment showed that RRR-CDs can effectively shorten the tail tip bleeding time in mice and achieve the purpose of hemostasis; at the same time, the nanoparticles have a physical adsorption effect [42]. Studies have shown that polyacrylonitrile-based nanofibers obtain hydrophilicity by adding nanoparticles and simulate body fluids to analyse their water absorption capacity [44]. Based on these studies, RRR-CDs can play an effective role in treating acute symptoms such as diarrhoea and blood in the stool to significantly reduce the DAI score and alleviate colon damage.
Acrylonitrile’s genotoxicity profile: mutagenicity in search of an underlying molecular mechanism
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Richard J. Albertini, Christopher R. Kirman, Dale E. Strother
ACN is an important high volume industrial chemical. Occupational exposure may occur during its production or use in the manufacture of fibers, resins, polymers, and other chemical intermediates (IARC 1999; EC 2004, USEPA 2011; NTP 2021). Major uses of ACN are in the production of acrylic fibers, which find their way into clothing, carpeting and a multitude of other consumer products, in the manufacture of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers and in the production of polymers of ACN that include butadiene and styrene or styrene alone. Consumers of these products may also be exposed to ACN although levels leached from them are quite small (NTP 2021; Page and Charbonneau 1983, 1985). The greatest potential for high to moderate levels of ACN exposure is occupational. At the environmental level, tobacco is an important source of low-level but chronic exposure to a large segment of the population (IARC 2004 and references therein; Laugesen and Fowles 2005; De Jesús et al. 2020, 2021; NTP 2021). Small amounts of ACN are released during the combustion of plant matter such as biomass and timber. Several studies have quantified emissions of ACN from tropical fires and the burning of biomass (Yokelson et al. 2007; Warneke et al. 2011).
Application of zinc oxide and sodium alginate for biofouling mitigation in a membrane bioreactor treating urban wastewater
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Fatemeh Sokhandan, Maryam Homayoonfal, Fatemeh Davar
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was purchased from Khoob Carpet Co. (Kashan, Iran) and dimethylformamide (DMF) was purchased from Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). They were used as the main constituent polymers of the membrane and solvent, respectively. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular weights (6,000–15,000 g mole−1) was purchased from Merck Co. and used for molecular weight cutoff determination. Glucose, ammonium phosphate, and ammonium nitrate were procured from Behyar Teb Parsian Co. (Isfahan, Iran) and used as activated sludge feed. Further, distilled water was prepared by Isfahan University. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and sodium alginate coated zinc oxide (ZnO@SA) nanoparticles were prepared through sol gel (Mousavi et al. 2016) and microwave (Mir et al. 2012) methods, respectively, and utilized in the synthesis of the nanocomposite membranes.
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