Congo Fever — Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
James H. S. Gear in CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
The Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus or Congo virus is the type species of genus Nairovirus of the family Bunyaviridae.12 The genus contains at least 19 serotypes, one of which is the virus causing Nairobi sheep disease from which the genus gets its name. Viruses of this genus are predominantly tick transmitted with a tripartite genome, a nucleocapsid polypeptide of 48 to 60 × 103 mol wt and at least one virion glycoprotein of approximately 80 to 90 × 103 mol wt. It is relatively stable in distilled water with a pH range of 6 to 10. Its half life in phosphate-buffered saline of pH 7.6 is 1.5 to 2 hr at 37°C, 10 to 15 min at 45°C, and less than 1 min at 56°C. It is sensitive to lipid solvents and rapidly inactivated by ultraviolet light. It is not stabilized by Mg++ , and its infectivity is greatly reduced by detergents and certain proteolytic enzymes. The enveloped virion is spherical and approximately 70 to 100 nm. The lipid bilayer incorporates viral glycoprotein. Its surface has projections of 8 to 10 nm. It matures by budding in intracytoplasmic smooth membrane interfaces, Golgi, and saccules. It is a natural parasite of vertebrates and invertebrates, predominantly ticks; occasional isolates have been made from Culex culicoides. It is pathogenic to suckling mice and certain vertebrates and grows well in cell cultures of mammalian origin, including BHK, CER, and Vero cells producing cytopathological changes.
Methods to Study the Vasculature in ADPKD
Jinghua Hu, Yong Yu in Polycystic Kidney Disease, 2019
Prepare both the murine endothelial cell growth media (mECGM) and antibody-coated magnetic beads the day before the animals are to be harvested (see Section Preparation of magnetic beads for blood endothelial cell CD31+ isolation). PBS Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (10×) (Gibco, cat. no. 10010–023), BSA (Sigma, cat. no. 7906). Preparation of mECGM: Supplement Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM, Gibco BRL) with 20% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum or FBS (Gemini's BenchMark, cat. no. 100–106), 2 mM l-glutamine (Gibco), 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Invitrogen), 20 mM HEPES (Gibco), 1% non-essential amino acids (Gibco), 150 μg/mL EC growth supplement (Sigma, Poole, UK) and 12 U/mL heparin (CP Pharmaceuticals, Wrexham, UK).
Cellular Grafting Techniques
Vineet Relhan, Vijay Kumar Garg, Sneha Ghunawat, Khushbu Mahajan in Comprehensive Textbook on Vitiligo, 2020
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is a buffer solution commonly used in biological research. The osmolarity and ion concentrations of the solution usually match those of the human body (isotonic), and it is nontoxic to cells. With this, the cost of the procedure can be reduced since there is no need for melanocyte media and there are no concerns of mitogenesis due to the melanocyte medium [22].
Influencing factors on gelatin matrix for chlorhexidine delivery
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Michael Murawsky, Gary R. Kelm, Darby Kozak, Bin Qin, Yuan Zou, S. Kevin Li
Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, consisting of 0.01 M phosphate buffer, 0.0027 M potassium chloride, and 0.137 M sodium chloride, was prepared using PBS tablets (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH) and deionized water (DI water). Simulated saliva, pH 8.0, consisting of 0.137 M sodium chloride, 0.0014 M potassium phosphate monobasic, 0.017 M sodium phosphate dibasic (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ) was prepared in DI water. PerioChip® (CHX gluconate, 2.5 mg) was manufactured by Drexel Pharma Technologies Ltd (Yokneam, Israel) and three different PerioChip® lots were used. CHX digluconate (20% water solution), CHX powder, Type A porcine skin gelatin (300 Bloom), Type B bovine skin gelatin (225 Bloom), and glutaraldehyde (GTA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Pepsin A (powder) was purchased from Acros Organics (Janssen Pharmaceuticalaan, Geel, Belgium). Trimethylamine (HPLC grade), sodium phosphate monobasic, and o-phosphoric acid were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ). Acetonitrile and methanol (HPLC grade) were from Pharmaco-AAPER (Shelbyville, KY). Release liner (Scotchpak 1022, 3.0 mil) was obtained from 3 M (St. Paul, MN). All materials were used as received.
Sensitive, homogeneous, and label-free protein-probe assay for antibody aggregation and thermal stability studies
Published in mAbs, 2021
Salla Valtonen, Emmiliisa Vuorinen, Ville Eskonen, Morteza Malakoutikhah, Kari Kopra, Harri Härmä
To simulate the applicability of the method to mAb storage buffer formulation, trastuzumab, mAb1, and mAb11 were stored in 15 different buffers (Table 1) for four days. Trastuzumab, having the highest Tm (81.0 ± 0.2°C), was stored at 65°C and the other two mAbs at 45°C to accelerate the aggregation. Thereafter, potential compositional changes were monitored using the Protein-Probe method at RT. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2) was chosen as a reference buffer, as it is often used as a storage buffer for mAbs, and the data was normalized against the PBS signal. All other buffers were based on varying phosphate-citrate compositions with pH ranging from 4 to 8, supplemented with 0.9% (w/v) NaCl (154 mM), which is commonly found in mAb storage solutions. A wide pH range was chosen so that aggregation in non-optimal conditions could be monitored with all mAbs with a relatively small number of conditions. For trastuzumab, the degree of aggregation decreased with increasing pH, showing the highest stability at pH 8, whereas in the case of mAb1 and mAb11, the lowest amount of aggregation was observed at pH 7. Surprisingly, mAb1 and mAb11 appeared to be more stable at pH 4 over pH 5, although we expected low pH to promote aggregation also with these mAbs (Figure 5).
Slicing parameter optimization for 3D printing of biodegradable drug-eluting tracheal stents
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Tim Feuerbach, Stefanie Kock, Markus Thommes
Medical grade PLGA was generously provided by Evonik (Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany). Resomer® RG 858 S is an amorphous biodegradable PLGA with a monomer ratio of 85 mol% d,l-lactide and 15 mol% glycolide and has a degradation timeframe of up to 9 months (Evonik 2019). PLGAs are well-established copolymers for implantable drug-delivery systems and are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (Makadia and Siegel 2011; Sequeira et al. 2018). Since only small quantities were available for the Resomer® RG 858 S material, non-medical grade PLA filament (PLA175B1, Velleman, Gavere, Belgium) was used as received to develop and validate the slicing parameter optimization. The material is not suitable for medical or pharmaceutical applications, but it served as an established model material to set up the experimental methodology (Feuerbach et al. 2019). Triamterene is a potassium-sparing diuretic, which served as a model drug (McKittrick et al. 2016) due to its low aqueous solubility comparable to relevant drugs applied via stents, such as sirolimus and paclitaxel (Pruessmann et al. 2019). Triamterene was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fisher Scientific GmbH, Schwerte, Germany) and was used as received. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with a pH of 7.4 was prepared according to Ph. Eur. (EDQM 2019a).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Buffer Solution
- Disodium Phosphate
- Monopotassium Phosphate
- Tonicity
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- Zinc
- Good'S Buffers
- Hydrochloric Acid
- Autoclave
- Filtration