Radiology of Special Objects, Antiquities, and Mummies
Michael J. Thali M.D., Mark D. Viner, B. G. Brogdon in Brogdon's Forensic Radiology, 2010
after the 1987 study. This provided the opportunity to apply another advance in imaging technology. Instead of the con-ventional radiographic film used in the original study, photo- stimulable phosphor plates employed in computed radiography would serve as the IR. Since the mummified tissues were dehydrated, industrial instead of medical algorithms were used to process the data collected from the plates. Finally, because the images were going to be incorporated into the exhibit, a single AP and lateral projection of the entire mummy would produce the most esthetic images. The maximum height that could be obtained with the SkyJack� provided a possible 124"(315 cm) SID. The x-ray tube was fastened on to the base of the bucket before the platform was elevated to the maximum distance (Figure 37.15). With a 124"SID, the x-ray beam would cover a maximum length of 62"(157 cm). Since the mummified remains could not be moved off the table, the sides of the table precluded getting the IR closer than about 12"(30 cm) from the posterior surface of the mummy. Because of this increased magnification, the 62"IR length would exclude the distal lower legs and feet from the image. In order to obtain a continuous 62"imaging surface, two IR plates were positioned lengthwise and two crosswise. A 1/8"(3 mm) particleboard was cut to 64"(163 cm) x 18"(46 cm). The particleboard served as a "stiff"
Answers
Ken Addley in MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
Potential chemical air contaminants include: Formaldehyde: may evaporate from resins in particle board and plywood.Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): may evaporate from carpet glues and drying paint. New computers may also emit low levels of VOCs.Ozone: as well as VOCs and hydrocarbons, and dust from paper and toner may be emitted by photocopiers.Dust: increased levels of dust in the environment have been associated with increased reporting of symptoms.
The Toxic Environment and Its Medical Implications with Special Emphasis on Smoke Inhalation
Jacob Loke in Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
According to the National Fire Protection Association, there were about 2.4 million fires in the United States in 1985, of which 859,500 were structure fires, 72.4 percent being residential fires resulting in a property loss of over $7 billion (Karter, 1986). In residential fires, an ignition source is usually attributed to such items as a lighted cigarette or matches, a wood stove or kerosene space heater, an electrical or heating equipment malfunction, fuel-lighted material from appliances in the kitchen, or arson. In addition, 4885 people died from fires in homes (Karter, 1986). Cigarette-ignited fires were the major cause of house fire deaths in a study by Mierley and Baker (1983). In the home, there are many forms of combustible materials including wood furniture, carpets, wall paper, plastic paneling on walls and ceilings, upholstery, plywood and particle board paneling, cellulose fiber, polyurethane material, papers, and clothing. Many of these materials release toxic products of combustion (Table 1).
An updated mode of action and human relevance framework evaluation for Formaldehyde-Related nasal tumors
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Chad M. Thompson, Robinan Gentry, Seneca Fitch, Kun Lu, Harvey J. Clewell
Formaldehyde is a reactive aldehyde present endogenously in all tissues. It is generated in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus as part of normal cellular processes, including the one-carbon metabolic pathway (IARC 2006; Walport et al. 2016). Formaldehyde is also a high production volume chemical used in the manufacture of numerous products including urea-formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde, and melamine-formaldehyde resins and serves as an adhesive in the production of particle board, medium-density fiberboard, and plywood (Salthammer et al. 2010; U.S. EPA 2019). Due to its commercial importance, it is one of the most well-studied compounds with respect to toxicology, carcinogenicity, and mechanism of action. In addition to the extensive amount of published toxicological and mechanistic research, considerable effort has been expended integrating these data for the purpose of setting safety standards for formaldehyde (Andersen et al. 2019).
Formaldehyde as an alternative to antibiotics for treatment of refractory impetigo and other infectious skin diseases
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Philip Nikolic, Poonam Mudgil, John Whitehall
Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde and exists as a colorless gas with a strong odor at room temperature. It was first synthesized in 1855 and is used for a variety of roles. This includes in embalming, the manufacture of particle-board, plywood, and other wooden furniture products and as a preservative in products such as cosmetics and medicinal creams [8]. When used as a preservative it is used as an aqueous solution of 37%-50% formaldehyde called formalin [9]. Formaldehyde is used as a preservative due to its genotoxicity to bacteria and fungi. It is capable of binding to DNA and proteins to cause DNA-DNA cross-links, DNA-protein cross-links, irreversible formaldehyde adducts as well as other forms of DNA and protein damage [10,11]. It is effective against bacteria at very low concentrations with the MIC of formaldehyde against S. aureus being only 156 mg/L or 0.02% [12]. Formaldehyde has also been used to treat bacterial infections in the form of the antibiotic methenamine. Methenamine is an antibiotic that was used to treat urinary tract infections but has since become a ‘forgotten drug’. It exerts its antibacterial activity by releasing formaldehyde in acidic environments and is capable of bactericidal activity at concentrations greater than 25 µg/ml [13].
Asthma and rhinitis in Greek furniture workers
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2021
Katerina Paraskevaidou, Konstantinos Porpodis, Theodoros Kontakiotis, Ioannis Kioumis, Dionisios Spyratos, Despina Papakosta
Employees were divided into three groups based on their occupational exposure to (a) wood dust, (b) chemicals, and (c) office employees (control group). G Power (3.0.10) was used to calculate the optimal sample size. For an effect size f = 0.5 and an error prob = 0.05 for three groups the total sample size had to be more than 63 (our study sample was 83).Wood group. This group consisted of 23 employees who worked exclusively in the wood processing sector (cutting, polishing) and were exposed to wood dust. The types of wood they exposed to were mainly particleboard (MDF) and fiberboard (NOVOPAN), which are considered to have dust profiles very similar to natural wood (11), and infrequently pine, beech, and oak.Chemical group. This group consisted of 35 employees who worked in the furniture painting and mounting sector, using glue and paint. We took information from safety data sheets of the materials in order to record the chemicals contained in lacquers, varnishes, and adhesives. These included: toluene isocyanate, 2,4/2,6 toluene diisocyanate, formaldehyde, xylene, acid butyl ester, acid ethyl ester, phthalate butyl ester of benzene, propylene glycol, acetone, and various acrylic resins (polymethyl-methacrylate-PMMA, polyvinyl acetate-PVA, etc.).Control group. This group consisted of 25 subjects working in the offices and not exposed to wood dust or chemicals in the last 2 years.
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