Emerging Technologies for Particle Engineering
Dilip M. Parikh in Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Nanotechnology is the science and technology at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers and it can be used across the entire spectrum of scientific fields including life sciences and healthcare [2] The prefix “nano” means 10‒9, or one-billionth and is about a thousand times smaller than a micron. Depending on the atom, approximately three to six atoms can fit inside of a nanometer. Nanoparticles possess many special physical, chemical, and biological properties. They have found applications in diverse fields, including materials synthesis and processing, dispersions and coatings, fuel cells and sensors, biotechnology and health effects, energy and environment, instruments and probes, and studies of fundamental transfer processes. Recent developments in nanoscience, combining physics, chemistry, material science, theory, and biosciences, have brought us to another level of understanding of “nanotechnology.” The systems provide methods for targeting and releasing therapeutic compounds in very defined regions. These vehicles have the potential to eliminate or at least ameliorate many problems associated with drug distribution. Below 100 nm, materials exhibit different, more desirable physical, chemical, and biological properties. Given the enormity and immediacy of the unmet needs of therapeutic areas such as CNS disorders, this can lead to drugs that can extend the life and save untimely deaths [3].
Theranostics: A New Holistic Approach in Nanomedicine
D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija in Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Nanotechnology is the science that comprises nanomedicine, nanomaterial, and the latest technology of nanorobotics. Nano-science focuses mostly on the development of the nanoparticles (NPs) or nanomaterials used in the development of medicines, therapies, diagnostics, communication sensors, and other related tools. In the world of medicine, nanotechnology has played a significant role in developing treatment of various age-related conditions such as tumor or non-tumor forming cancers (Doxil®, first anticancer liposomal medicine), diabetes, tissue degeneration, and infectious conditions (AmBiosome®, first liposomal antibiotic) [1]. Following are some basic concepts that are most commonly explored for developing better nanoformulations or nanotheranostic designs: Targeted delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredientsStimulated controlled delivery systemsNPs with multiple modes of treatmentsNanomaterial implants for localized therapies
Gold Nanoparticle–Assisted Radiation Therapy
Pandit B. Vidyasagar, Sagar S. Jagtap, Omprakash Yemul in Radiation in Medicine and Biology, 2017
Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field with ramifications in medicine, chemistry, biology, engineering, and materials science. Nanomaterials possess unique optical, electrical, and magnetic properties that are different from bulk material of the same chemical. As a result, they are being developed for various applications in medicine such as targeted drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapy. Various metallic nanoparticles are being tested for medical applications. Among them, gold nanoparticles are considered to be biologically safe and biocompatible materials and have attracted considerable attention in cancer imaging and radiation therapy (RT). RT is one of the modalities used in treating cancer. In RT the dose delivered by ionizing radiation can be enhanced in the presence of radio-modifying materials (e.g., high −z number) in cancer cells. Therefore, it is possible to eliminate cancer cells from the tumor. This chapter discusses the effectiveness of gold nanoparticle-assisted radiation therapy.
Comprehensive review on use of phospholipid based vesicles for phytoactive delivery
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2022
Manish Kumar Gupta, Vipul Sansare, Birendra Shrivastava, Santosh Jadhav, Prashant Gurav
Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary area of research and development associated with the production, processing, and utilization of materials having a nanometer size range (Patra et al.2018). Furthermore, nanotechnology in the herbal drug domain has been investigated to improve the bioavailability of phytoconstituents. In recent decades, noble attention has been paid to the use of nanotechnology-based looms for the development of herbal novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) (Wang et al.2013). Clear, strong, and well-documented evidence supports the concept of herbal actives loaded NDDS (Wang et al. 2014). Extensive research and investigations in the field of herbal NDDS came up with successful designs of herbal actives encapsulated NDDS (Devi et al.2010). Numerous phospholipid based vesicles like liposomes, phytosomes, ethosomes (Abdulbaqi et al.2016), transfersomes glycerosomes (Manconi et al.2018), santosomes (Apolinário et al.2021), glycethosomes (Pleguezuelos-villa et al.2020) and hyalurosomes (Manca et al.2019) were successfully utilized for effective delivery of plant extracts/isolated phytoconstituents (Bonifácio et al.2014).
Biologically synthesized green gold nanoparticles from Siberian ginseng induce growth-inhibitory effect on melanoma cells (B16)
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Fenglian Wu, Jun Zhu, Guoliang Li, Jiaxin Wang, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, Surapaneni Krishna Mohan, Qingfu Zhang
Nanotechnology is a fascinating field which has led to the discovery of various vital products in diverse fields like food, agriculture, environment, medicine, diagnosis, electronics etc. Nanotechnology along with biological sciences seems to be a boon in health care systems. The possibility to design nanoparticles in specific shape, composition and dimension enhances the advantages of nanoparticles in the field of pharmaceutics and diagnostics [1–3]. However, the synthesis of nanoparticles uses toxic chemicals as reducing agents which lead to environmental pollution. Hence it is the need of today, to synthesize eco-friendly nanoparticles using an organic reducing agent instead of toxic inorganic reducing agents. Therefore, various researches were focused on using plants [4], algae, fungi [5] and bacteria [6] as a reducing agent for the cost-effective synthesis of nanoparticles [7]. Biosynthesized nanoparticles are much more potent than the chemically and physically synthesized nanoparticles since no toxic chemicals, heat or pressure were applied during the synthesis process.
The impact of nanotechnology in the current universal COVID-19 crisis. Let’s not forget nanosafety!
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Vanessa Valdiglesias, Blanca Laffon
Nanotechnology is an emerging industry that is becoming a revolution in many sectors; it is among the scientific fields more rapidly expanding in the last years, and this is changing the landscape in many aspects of modern life. Nanomaterials are of the same size than the viruses themselves; indeed, it has been stated that viruses are the most beautiful, smart and capable nanoparticles (Kostarelos 2020). Because of their tiny size and the resultant huge surface to volume ratio, nanomaterials exhibit physical, chemical, and biological properties that are different from larger-sized materials of the same chemical composition. These new and beneficial properties have led to the development of a high number of applications (biomedical, electronics, informatics, cosmetics…), and many more are expected to be a reality soon. In biomedicine, nanomaterials are especially interesting with promising uses in diagnosis and treatment of a number of pathologies. It is not then surprising that, under the current public health situation, nanotechnology has been rapidly considered as a tool in the worldwide fight against SARS-COV-2 virus and COVID-19. Nanotechnology products can offer innovative solutions to a broad variety of aspects dealing with prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19.
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