Targeted Therapy for Cancer Stem Cells
Surinder K. Batra, Moorthy P. Ponnusamy in Gene Regulation and Therapeutics for Cancer, 2021
In recent years, nanomedicine is gaining greater importance and is being identified as a potent strategy for targeted therapeutics. Nanoparticles have shown promising results because of their high surface to volume ratio, biocompatibility, higher drug loading capacity, and precise and controlled drug release to target CSCs, including cancer cells. Different nanomaterials have been developed, such as carbon-based nanomaterials, DNA origami, AuNPs, PEG, and oligonucleotide aptamers for targeted therapeutics. Carbon-based nanoparticles like GO and nanotubes are non-toxic in nature, load variety of drugs and are identified as a potential inhibitor of CSCs. DNA origami-based nanoparticles have been shown to inhibit ABC transporters and evade drug resistance mechanism of CSCs. One of the well-studied nanoparticle for targeted therapeutics is AuNPs because of their surface plasmon resonance and biocompatibility. AuNPs loaded with various drugs, and thio-glucose have been used to target cancer and specifically CSCs, and have shown fruitful results. CSCs have also been targeted by PEG nanoparticle loaded with Hh specific inhibitor. Nanoparticles can also be modified for specific targeting of CSCs such as liposomes functionalized with glucose and CSCs markers, and loading with CSCs specific inhibitor or chemo drugs. PEG and aptamers can also be functionalized with antibodies against CSC markers and loading with CSCs specific Si- or miRNA.
Nanoparticle-Based Medicines: A Review of FDA-Approved Materials and Clinical Trials to Date *
Valerio Voliani in Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Nanomedicine is an emerging field that combines nanotechnology with pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences, with the goal of developing drugs and imaging agents with higher efficacy and improved safety and toxicological profiles. Due to their sub-micrometer size and high surface area to volume ratio, these materials show key differences in comparison to bulk materials, including changes in biochemical, magnetic, optical, and electronic properties [1–7]. Like traditional drugs, biologics and devices, premarket authorization is regulated by the FDA, and hence nanomedicines are subject to the usual range of preclinical and clinical validation [8]. This review provides a snapshot of the range of materials that have been used to develop specific FDA-approved therapeutics, along with a description of key materials that are emerging through the clinical trials pipeline. This is a rapidly evolving field; in just 3 years, the number of clinical trials involving nano-sized components has increased 3-fold, based on a set of search criteria employed in a review published by Etheridge, et al., in 2013 [9].
Biocatalytic Nanoreactors for Medical Purposes
Peter Grunwald in Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding field, in which materials at the nanoscale are synthesized to take advantage of enhanced properties such as higher strength, lighter weight, increased electrical conductivity, and chemical reactivity compared to their larger-scale equivalents. Nanomaterials are already revolutionizing several industrial fields by the introduction of new processes, and unique materials for aeronautics, energy generation, biomedical and environmental applications, and coating, among others. Nanotechnology has significantly impacted the development of medicine. Nanomedicine is a branch of medicine that applies the nanotechnological tools for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nanomedicine involves the use of nanomaterials, such as biocompatible nanoparticles and nanodevices, for diagnosis, delivery, sensing, or actuation purposes in a living organism.
Trends and recent developments in pharmacotherapy of acute pancreatitis
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2023
Juliana Hey-Hadavi, Prasad Velisetty, Swapnali Mhatre
Nanomedicine is an emerging field that employs nanoparticles as targeted and controlled drug delivery vehicles and is being widely used in therapeutics. Nanoparticles serve as potential drug delivery systems due to their small size and unique chemical and biophysical properties including biocompatibility and biodegradability [90]. In an experimental model of AP, bilirubin encapsulated silk fibrin nanoparticles (BRSNPs) reduced oxidative damage and inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB regulated pro-inflammatory signaling as well as activating cytoprotective redox transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 [91]. Another experimental study demonstrated that yttrium oxide nanoparticles exerted anti-inflammatory effects and attenuated the severity of AP in mice [92]. Thus, exploring the role of nanomedicine for the treatment of AP may be of clinical interest and warrants further evaluation.
In vitro effects of combustion generated carbon dots on cellular parameters in healthy and cancerous breast cells
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Nikita Dinger, Valeria Panzetta, Carmela Russo, Paolo Antonio Netti, Mariano Sirignano
With these limitations in mind, it is now becoming increasingly urgent to develop novel, safe and effective cancer therapies. In this context, nanomedicine is emerging as a new growing field which, by coupling the advancements of nanotechnology to medicine, has the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment. Nanomedicine, in fact, aims at using nanomaterials to efficiently carry anticancer drugs, proteins, and genes for chemotherapy in a less toxic, noninvasive, and site-specific way (Bayda et al. 2021; Shi et al. 2019; Su et al. 2020; M. Zhang et al. 2017). Nanomaterials are materials with dimensions of 1–100 nm used in various applications including medicine. Because of their unique properties and characteristics, nanomaterials have become one of the most promising materials for cancer diagnosis using modern technology such as microscopy or imaging techniques (i.e. PET scans). Nanomaterials are also being researched as potential therapeutics for cancer because they have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects which may help to reduce tumors’ ability to metastasize from one part of the body to another. Furthermore, the ability of nanomaterials to penetrate cells and tissues makes them ideal for use as drug carriers to deliver chemotherapy drugs directly into cancerous tumors (Y. Zhang et al. 2021). Novel materials have led to the development of theragnostics as a treatment which uses diagnostic imaging to find specific receptors on cancer cells and targets them by precision radiation treatment (Fang & Zhang 2010).
Recent advances in erythrocyte membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles for the delivery of anti-cancer therapeutics
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Siyu Wang, Yiwei Wang, Kai Jin, Bo Zhang, Shaojun Peng, Amit Kumar Nayak, Zhiqing Pang
With the development of nanotechnology, nanomedicine has become a prospective strategy for cancer treatment. Due to the special size of nanoparticles (NPs), NPs can penetrate tissues more effectively and reach the lesion site precisely. Actually, NPs possess many advantages in cancer treatment, including improving the solubility, enabling targeted drug delivery, and protecting drugs from being degraded by enzymes. At present, many nanotherapeutics such as Doxil®, Abraxane®, DepoCyt®, Mepact®, and Marqibo® have been successfully marketed for cancer treatment [1,2]. Although great success has been achieved in nanoparticle drug delivery systems, the effect of their clinical application is still far from expected. As ‘foreign materials’ to the body, most synthetic nanoparticles are easily identified and cleared by the immune system and have a low opportunity to access the target site. PEGylation on nanoparticles is a common strategy to delay the recognition and clearance by the immune system and extend the circulation life of nanoparticles in vivo. However, the immune system can produce antibodies against PEG after intravenous administration of PEGylated nanoparticles, which can accelerate their blood clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) [3,4], thus compromising their passive targeting effect and resulting in limited therapeutic efficacy in clinics.
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