Spray Drying and Pharmaceutical Applications
Dilip M. Parikh in Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Microencapsulation or microparticle (matrix) formation is a process that is often used to provide controlled release of a protein or drug. Several authors have studied microencapsulation formulations manufactured from a spray drying process as a means to achieve controlled release. In one case, the effect of polymer hydrophilicity on API release was evaluated and the most hydrophilic polymer was found to gel faster and retard drug release the most [60]. The size and cohesiveness of the resultant spray dried particles were found to be a function of the polymer and also affected drug release with the smaller, more cohesive particles tending to agglomerate and delay drug release. In another case, the release of a model drug was controlled using a spray dried, water-activated, pH-controlled microsphere [61]. Water influx into the microcapsule caused the buffer to dissolve and thus adjusted the inner pH causing the fraction of unionized drug to increase resulting in drug release.
What Are Polymeric Carriers?
Mesut Karahan in Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Microencapsulation is the coating of a solid or liquid particle or a droplet with a polymeric film material and known as the first of the microparticular systems entering our lives in recent years. Microencapsulation technology is often used in a wide range of pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, agriculture, cosmetics, textiles, etc. In the case of polymeric vaccine techniques, the active drug substance is coated with a coating material called a wall at the so-called core. The liquid substance is reduced by more easily portable volatility, increased stability, and stability with this coating technique. In addition, the effect of time also increases. Different techniques are used for encapsulation. Depending on the physical and chemical properties of the core material, the technique to be used also varies. The coacervation method is the oldest and the most widely used method. Coacervation occurs as a result of temperature change, addition of salt, addition of another polymer or polymer-polymer interaction. Unlike microcapsules, microspheres are the carriers that enable the active substance in the drug to be delivered to the desired area in the body. Biocompatibility and non-toxicity are the most important reasons. The dimensions range in size from 1 µm to 50 µm. The polymers (natural or synthetic) generally used are chitosan, polyesters, lipids, and cellulose derivatives (Geary et al. 2015).
Functional Foods: Bioavailability, Structure, and Nutritional Properties
Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal in Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Microencapsulation is the process of an entrapment of a BFC inside a dispersed material to ensure its immobilization, protection, controlled release, structuration, and functionalization [4]. Fortification has enormous applications in food industries. Examples of some of the fortified food products are fruit juices with added ω-3 fatty acids (FAs) or breakfast cereals to which vitamins such as folic acid have been added. Some food products have added components within its natural matrix; however, some food products need further process modification, e.g., encapsulation of BFCs before it is added to any food product. This includes the delivery of protected BFCs to reach their site of action and consequent liberation when triggered by certain factors, such as enzymes, salts, pH, etc. [22].
Core-shell micro/nanocapsules: from encapsulation to applications
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2023
Eslam Elkalla, Sumera Khizar, Mohamad Tarhini, Noureddine Lebaz, Nadia Zine, Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault, Abdelhamid Errachid, Abdelhamid Elaissari
Encapsulation is both a science and an art that demands experience, capability, and the authority of a wide range of technologies. This review has reported various encapsulation techniques to fabricate micro/nanocapsules along with their diverse applications. Nanocapsules containing polymers contributing to systems used for delivery of drugs could increase payloads bioavailability besides attaining persistent with precise delivery to target sites. Microencapsulation enclosing oils, food, and flavours improves encapsulation efficiency and extends products average life with the purpose of yielding good-quality food stuffs. In the field of cosmetics, microencapsulation has been developed for making items like antiperspirants, shampoos, and sprays, to improve their stability or bioavailability. Microencapsulation methods bring opportunity to fabricate unique products possessing several benefits when compared with customary fabrics. Encapsulation into microcapsules ensures the protection, controlled release of active agents with higher efficiency, and eco-friendly sustainable plant growth.
Smart design of patient-centric long-acting products: from preclinical to marketed pipeline trends and opportunities
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Céline Bassand, Alessia Villois, Lucas Gianola, Grit Laue, Farshad Ramazani, Bernd Riebesehl, Manuel Sanchez-Felix, Kurt Sedo, Thomas Ullrich, Marieta Duvnjak Romic
The microencapsulation processes include spray drying, coacervation or phase separation, and solvent evaporation, the latter being the most used method [35]. Although used for decades, this complex manufacturing process challenges scale up control of particle size distribution and drug loading [35]. Flexion developed a new process by atomizing a drug-polymer mixture on a spinning disk, followed by solvent evaporation [72]. This process is employed for preparation of Zilretta®, triamcinolone acetonide-loaded PLGA microparticles to reduce pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis [73]. Zilretta® was approved in 2017 as the first local LAI based on microparticles and addressed the manufacturing challenges of PLGA and similar polymers. In addition, Zilretta® significantly improved peak/trough ratio [74] compared to benchmark PLGA products (Figure 4), demonstrating well-controlled particle size distribution could improve control of drug release from microparticulate-based systems.
Microencapsulation of reactive isocyanates for application in self-healing materials: a review
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Amanda N. B. Santos, Demetrio J. dos Santos, Danilo J. Carastan
Different healing systems have been proposed as ‘containers’ for healing agents such as polymer-based materials, carbon nanotubes, inorganic porous materials and hollow glass structures (Vijayan and Almaadeed 2016). Inside polymer-based materials, microcapsules emerge as a promising candidate due to the rapid development of microencapsulation techniques since the 1950s and the possibility of easy mass production for industrial applications (Yuan et al.2008). In these systems, cracks in the polymeric matrix work as triggers to the healing process. The crack propagation provokes the mechanical rupture of a microcapsule, releasing the liquid curing agent, that through capillarity action will fill the damaged area and after curing reactions will heal it (White et al.2001, Murphy and Wudl 2010).