Fluid and electrolyte balance in the newborn
Prem Puri in Newborn Surgery, 2017
Treatments used in premature infants with non-oliguric hyperkalemia aim to decrease the arrhythmogenicity of hyperkalemia, redistribute potassium into the intracellular space, or remove potassium from the body.66 Sodium bicarbonate is not recommended. If acidosis is present, the underlying cause should be treated. Ion exchange resins are also not recommended. They have been shown to cause intestinal obstruction and perforation. Also gastric masses found at autopsy were devoid of potassium, indicating that no exchange had occurred. A recent Cochrane study of interventions for neonatal non-oliguric hyperkalemia found limited information from small studies of uncertain quality and made no firm recommendations for clinical practice. The combination of insulin and glucose is preferred over treatment with rectal cation–resin for hyperkalemia in preterm infants. Both the combination of insulin and glucose and salbutamol (albuterol) inhalation deserve further study. Other potentially effective interventions for non-oliguric hyperkalemia (diuretics, exchange transfusion, peritoneal dialysis, and calcium) have not been tested in randomized controlled trials.67
Manufacture of Glycerine from Natural Fats and Oils
Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag in Glycerine, 2018
Other processes employed for purification of glycerine solutions containing high levels of soap or salt are ion exclusion and ion retardation [13–15]. These are continuous operations employing an ion-exchange resin, and are similar to chromatographic separations; no net ion exchange occurs, so resin regeneration is not necessary. All of the glycerine treatments employing resins are very effective techniques for crude pretreatment. They are all capable of removing ash or soap content to levels below 1%, allowing for economical refining of glycerine solutions which would have little value to the glycerine refiner without the benefit of these processes.
Industrial Uses Of Phosphonates
Richard L. Hilderbrand in The Role of Phosphonates in Living Systems, 2018
Ion exchange is defined as the reversible interchange of ions between a solid and a liquid in which there is no permanent change in the solid, which is the ion exchange material. The largest use of ion exchange resins is in the field of water conditioning, however, more recently broader applications are being found in the field of chemical processing, hydrometallurgy, purification, product isolation, concentration, catalysis, food processing, and a variety of other areas.
Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of a clonidine hydrochloride drug–resin suspension as a sustained-release formulation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Hongfei Liu, Xiaoya Xie, Chao Chen, Caleb Kesse Firempong, Yingshu Feng, Limin Zhao, Xuezhi Yin
Ion exchange resin is an insoluble ionic material which consists of a structural part (composed of the polymer matrix usually cross-linked by styrene and divinylbenzene) and a functional part (ionic active group). The resins can be categorized into cation and anion exchange resins because they contain groups with either positive or negative charges [8]. With its high ion exchange capacity, good absorption, physical and chemical stability, and insolubility in any solvent, as well as other excellent properties, it has become an ideal choice for taste masking and control drug release, especially for the slow and controlled release system in liquid form [9,10]. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used to separate and purify biomolecules (proteins, nucleotides, and amino acids) while in tablet formulation, it can be used as a disintegrating agent due to its expansibility [11]. The ion exchange resin can also be used as the active component of drugs [12,13], such as cholestyramine for cholesterol reduction, sodium polystyrene sulfonate for potassium reduction, and sevelamer for treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic renal failure. Few studies have been conducted on the application of ion exchange resins in antihypertensive drugs.
A cost-effectiveness analysis of patiromer for the treatment of hyperkalemia in chronic kidney disease patients with and without heart failure in Spain
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2022
José Ramón González-Juanatey, Álvaro González-Franco, Patricia de Sequera, Marta Valls, Antonio Ramirez de Arellano, Elisenda Pomares, Diana Nieves
Over the past decades, ion exchange resins have been the most commonly used treatment to address HK, but they are associated with several drawbacks, such as safety-related contraindications due to serious gastrointestinal adverse events, risk of hypokalaemia, poor tolerability that can lead to low adherence to treatment, etc.5–7. Recent Spanish real-world data reported that only 36.8% of the patients were adherent to the treatment in the first year and 17.5% in the third year7. Patiromer is a sodium-free, cation exchange polymer that is not absorbed and is able to bind free potassium in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, thereby reducing its absorption6. In the OPAL-HK study, patiromer demonstrated the reduction of serum potassium levels and prevent the recurrence of HK; and, consequently, patiromer allowed to maintain RAASi optimal doses8. Patiromer has significantly changed the management of CKD by offering a solution for the maintenance of normokalemia in patients treated with RAASi.
Use of polymers for taste-masking pediatric drug products
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Due to their high molecular weight, these resins are generally recognized as safe, as little absorption occurs in the gastrointestinal tract [18]. Ion exchange resins are categorized in terms of the ionic nature of the exchanging functional groups and the strength of the binding. Table 1 lists several commercially available ion exchange resins. In addition to the ionic characteristic of the drug to be taste masked, other considerations in the selection of an appropriate ion exchange resin includes binding capacity (how much drug can be bound per unit weight of resin), particle size, porosity, and swellability of the resin.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Ion Exchange
- Organic Chemistry
- Polymer
- Resin
- Microbead
- Ion
- Polystyrene Sulfonate
- Acrylate Polymer
- Separation Process
- Zeolite