Breathomics and its Application for Disease Diagnosis: A Review of Analytical Techniques and Approaches
Raquel Cumeras, Xavier Correig in Volatile organic compound analysis in biomedical diagnosis applications, 2018
Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been one of the recent but rapidly growing techniques used in quantitative metabolomics-based analyses. Similar to the previously discussed techniques, ICP-MS is considered a highly sensitive and selective method. Although it is predominately used as a standalone analytical tool for analyzing metallic entities in geological and metallurgical samples (Beauchemin, 2004), it has recently been applied to the biological samples (Wang et al., 2017). The technique uses an inductively coupled argon plasma-based ionization source, which is connected to a mass spectrometer. The sample passes through a nebulizer and ICP source, causing a rapid ionization for further analysis. Due to the inductive plasma nature of ionization, the technique is also able to provide a clear difference between various isotopes, at great sensitivities, at parts per trillion (ppt) concentrations (Sakata et al., 2001).
Analysis Update—Full Spectrum Cannabis
Betty Wedman-St Louis in Cannabis as Medicine, 2019
AA measures only one element at a time and sensitivity is poorer than other techniques. Sensitivity for most AA elements are in the part-per-million range or milligram/liter (mg/L) for the digested sample. AA has better sensitivity than ICP for Group I and II elements like sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) and costs less (~$15K–20K). GFAA costs more (~$45–$60K) and still only does one element at time but has sensitivity in the part-per-billion (ppb) or microgram/liter (ug/L) range. Simultaneous ICP can measure multiple elements at the same time with sensitivity in the ppm range, though at a higher cost ($70–$90K). The simultaneous ICPMS, with the highest costs ($120K–150K), is capable of measuring in the ppb range and, in some cases, the part-per-trillion (ppt) range. For the non-chemist, a useful analogy is a ppm is a drop in a kitchen sink, a ppb is a drop in a swimming pool, and a ppt is a drop in a small lake. Another way of putting it is ppt measures 1,000 times lower than ppb, which is a 1,000 times lower then ppm.
Miscellaneous Applications
Vlado Valković in Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
Several techniques have been used for the measurement of trace amounts of plutonium. Among them, the most commonly used method is alpha-spectrometry. With alpha-spectrometry, the isotope ratio of 239Pu/240Pu cannot be measured because the alpha-particles from both isotopes have nearly identical energies. The 239Pu/240Pu ratio often carries the most important information in a case study, as it reveals the original source (nuclear bombs or reactors of certain types) of plutonium. Among all the analytical methods available today, mass spectrometry seems to be the most promising one to fulfill this need. Both thermal ionization and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) have reasonable ionization efficiency for plutonium, but they cannot eliminate the hydride and other molecular interferences to yield reliable results. AMS, on the other hand, is capable of counting and identifying an individual atom without any molecular interference. However, the ionization and transmission efficiencies of plutonium in a Tandetron-based AMS system are expected to be low. But the unique feature of AMS, which is necessary for trace-amount plutonium detection, warrants an effect to determine these efficiencies experimentally so that the usefulness of AMS for measuring the plutonium ratio in environmental samples can be established (Litherland 1995).
Validation of a simple inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method for detecting urine and serum iodine and evaluation of iodine status of pregnant women in Beijing
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2018
Songlin Yu, Yicong Yin, Qian Cheng, Jianhua Han, Xinqi Cheng, Ye Guo, Dandan Sun, Shaowei Xie, Ling Qiu
In recent years, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has emerged as a new technique with high specificity and sensitivity. It is commonly used in the measurement of trace elements, and an ICP-MS method has been established for the measurement of iodine [15]. However, with a limit of quantification of 20 µg/L [15], this method is not sensitive enough, and it requires long analysis time when total iodine and free iodide must be separated by high performance liquid chromatography HPLC before detection by ICP-MS [10]. And significant memory effects have been observed under acidic conditions, and to eliminate the memory effects, a special spray chamber with cooling system was an improvement; however, a long rinsing time of 500 s was still necessary[16,17]. In this study, we established and validated a simple, accurate, and precise ICP-MS method for iodine measurement of urine and serum samples. This method has been used for over a year in our clinical practice and has shown excellent performance. Besides, we retrospectively analyzed urine and serum iodine levels in pregnant women in Beijing to evaluate their iodine status and the correlation between urine iodine and serum iodine.
An 8-year Analysis of Magnesium Status in Elite International Track & Field Athletes
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020
N. Pollock, R. Chakraverty, I. Taylor, S. C. Killer
Blood screening for RCMg status was conducted as part of general performance screening all athletes between 2 and 4 times per year. These were always performed during athlete training phases between October and August, when athletes were undertaking regular running and strength and conditioning sessions. Blood screening was not taken during rest phases of the training cycle. Athletes were asked to avoid high intensity strength and running training or competition for at least 12 h prior to the blood test but no other restrictions were placed on training. Subjects were not asked to fast prior to the test. Venepuncture was performed with a 21- or 23-gauge butterfly needle with the athlete seated or prone lying at 45 degrees and collected into a vacutainer (BD Vacutainer® lithium heparin blood collection tubes). All blood samples were analyzed by The Doctor’s Laboratory (TDL Ltd, London) using RCMg analysis. The analysis performed was inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with a known laboratory coefficient of variation of 2.5%. Demographic information including age, gender and athletic event was recorded.
An optimised spectrophotometric assay for convenient and accurate quantitation of intracellular iron from iron oxide nanoparticles
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2018
Mohammad Hedayati, Bedri Abubaker-Sharif, Mohamed Khattab, Allen Razavi, Isa Mohammed, Arsalan Nejad, Michele Wabler, Haoming Zhou, Jana Mihalic, Cordula Gruettner, Theodore DeWeese, Robert Ivkov
Iron oxide nanoparticles have established themselves as a useful tool for biomedical applications ranging from subcellular manipulation to whole body imaging, and treatment of anaemia and cancer [1–12]. The importance of cell or tissue iron quantification to assess both efficacy and toxicity is readily apparent; however, the most reliable assays, for example inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), require specialised and costly equipment [13–15]. Existing less costly and simple chemical assay methods have not been optimised or validated to quantify low levels of iron (<1 μg) that are typically recovered from tissue or cell culture systems mixed with iron oxide nanoparticles [16]. Studies of cancer targeting [17–22], magnetic hyperthermia [17,18,23,24], imaging [8,25], toxicology [26], cell separation [27] and stem cell tracking [28,29] would benefit significantly with development of a more accessible method to quantify iron from biological matrices that provides accuracy and precision comparable to ICP-MS, the current gold standard. Such an assay would enhance research progress and toxicity assessments, by enabling quantitative comparisons of cell-nanoparticle association that can be related to specific nanoparticle constructs or properties.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
- Inductively Coupled Plasma
- Ionization
- Isotopic Labeling
- Laser Ablation
- Mass Spectrometry
- Ion
- Glow Discharge
- Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
- Flow Injection Analysis