Standard Quality Control Testing, Virus Penetration, and Glove Durability
Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach in Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
A previous study looked at the puncture resistance of three latex gloves, of varying thickness, and a nitrile glove using the ASTM F 1342-specified test probe and also an 18-gauge hypodermic needle.59 The ASTM F 1342 test probe had a diameter of 0.08 in., or 2.03 mm, while an 18-gauge hypodermic needle had a diameter of 1.27 mm. Hence, one might expect the tear length and work involved to differ for the two probes. Other test conditions were the same for both probes. Ten punctures by each probe were made for each glove. The force required to puncture the glove using the hypodermic needle was significantly lower, less than one-half, than for the standard probe. When the hypodermic needle was used, the nitrile glove required the most force for perforation. As might be expected, the two thicker latex gloves required more force than the thinnest one.
Immunizations
Micha de Winter, Mariëlle Balledux, José de Mare, Ruud Burgmeijer in Screening in Child Health Care, 2018
The HB immunization is not part of the RVP. On 1 October 1989, the screening of pregnant women for carriers of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was introduced at a national level. In the event of contact with the body fluid of a carrier, this antigen can cause hepatitis B. HBsAg can be demonstrated in most of the body fluids, such as blood, lymph, sperm, saliva, vomit, sputum, amniotic fluid, and breast milk. The first three are of particular importance. In cases of non-immunized children of HBsAg-positive mothers, it is recommended that the child should not be breast fed (Studiegroep Zuigelingenvoeding 1985). But this recommendation was dropped in the revised edition of the guidelines for infant feeding (GHI 1991b). Infection can occur vertically (from mother to newborn) or horizontally. In the case of the second route, sexual intercourse plays a very important role. The shared use of hypodermic needles by several people (drug addicts) is another route of infection that must not be disregarded. Therefore, in the Netherlands, most District and Municipal Health Services have a policy of making sterile needles and syringes easily available. Health workers can come into contact with contaminated blood accidentally, and thus become infected. In the non-surgical professions, however, the chance of this happening is extremely slight as long as normal measures of general hygiene are taken. Infection via transfusions with blood or blood products does not play a part in the Netherlands because these products are checked for HBsAg.
The Posurdex biodegradable intravitreal extended-release implant
A Peyman MD Gholam, A Meffert MD Stephen, D Conway MD FACS Mandi, Chiasson Trisha in Vitreoretinal Surgical Techniques, 2019
A specially designed proprietary instrument is used for intravitreal injection of the extruded version Posurdex implant, thus allowing placement of the implant in an office setting.4 The applicator is a sterile instrument preloaded with the implantable drug product (Fig. 78.2). It consists of a 22-gauge hypodermic needle, 1 inch long, mounted on a device measuring 165 mm ° 13 mm. The drug is injected at the inferior pars plana by depressing a button. Common adverse events associated with the implant procedure include anterior chamber flare, conjunctival hyperemia, conjunctival hemorrhage, eye pain, floaters, increased intraocular pressure (IOP), reduced visual acuity, vitreous hemorrhage, and vitritis.
Dissolving microneedles for intradermal vaccination: manufacture, formulation, and stakeholder considerations
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2018
Aoife M. Rodgers, Aaron J. Courtenay, Ryan F. Donnelly
DMN-mediated vaccination is attractive due to the possibility of enhanced immunological protection to that of traditional hypodermic needle vaccination. The most common fabrication method for DMN using micromolding (Figure 1(D)), often results in significant antigen wastage, counteracting any potential cost saving for manufacturers. However, such parameters have yet to be fully evaluated in terms of DMNs. It will be important to understand manufacturing costs to compare to that of the conventional hypodermic needle. Full economic evaluations will likely be drug or vaccine specific. Antigen wastage arises, due to the low-volume filling of the DMN mold microcavities, relative to the system volume required, highlighted in a study conducted by McCrudden et al.[5]. Percentage recovery evaluation of OVA from DMN, demonstrated that approximately 1.8% of OVA loaded into the entire DMN was recovered from the needles, and available for delivery. Approximately 43.3% of OVA was recovered from the sidewalls, which are removed prior to use and as such, can be classified as waste (Figure 2(A)). Various approaches have been taken to reduce antigen wastage and optimize DMN fabrication. Numerous studies have suggested excess formulation can be collected for reuse. However, antigen quantity and integrity have not been evaluated.
Enterococcus faecalis Endophthalmitis in Children – A 21 Year Study
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2018
Ekta Rishi, Pukhraj Rishi, Pramod Bhende, Rajiv Raman, Parveen Sen, Pradeep Susvar, Chetan Rao, Lily Therese, Rajshri Hirawat
There has been increasing incidence of trauma due to hypodermic needle which is used by children to squirt water while playing.31–34 The injuries with hypodermic needles are also mostly self-sealed and these needles are contaminated and accessible to children due to unsafe disposal and again result in PTE and are peculiar to the developing and developed countries.35 Hypodermic needle injury was the second common mode of injury seen in the present study and the contamination of the needles may predispose to EFE. Hypodermic needle injuries are known to be associated with higher incidence of endophthalmitis as well as poor structural and functional outcomes.30–40 Hypodermic needle injuries are reported from developing and developed countries due to unsupervised play of children on the streets or at home. It is reported from Iran, India, Saudi Arabia, UK, and Turkey. Self-mutilating injuries and accidental injuries are reported with hypodermic needles in adults.32,33The concern is a small perforation which is not a painful injury and is not noticeable and leads to late referral especially in children. The children presented with average logMAR vision of 2.25 which improved to log MAR 1.03 with only 1(16.6%) child with poor functional outcome. There are no reports of EFE but streptococcus and enterobacter species are reported with hypodermic needle injuries in eye.37,38
A key role by polymers in microneedle technology: a new era
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Amarjitsing Rajput, Madhur Kulkarni, Prashant Deshmukh, Prashant Pingale, Atul Garkal, Sahil Gandhi, Shital Butani
Considering the development in needles in 1844, drugs were administered to the patients using hypodermic needles via the intravenous route. Approximately 16 billion injections are administered worldwide, and it is sought to be the widely preferred medical device [3]. The hypodermic needles are provided several advantages as devices for the systemic administration of the drug and bioactive. It is also suitable for most pharmaceuticals, which suffer from low gastrointestinal tract absorption and undergo enzymatic breakdown [4]. In the case of administration of medications through the intravenous route via hypodermic needle is accompanied by a sensation of pain and psychological disturbances in patients having a fear of a needle.
Related Knowledge Centers
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