Methods of Evaluation in Orthopaedic Animal Research
Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman in Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Two dimensional measurements are often made from X ray images using a ruler or caliper.15-18 The percentage of magnification should be considered when using X ray images for measurements. The amount of magnification depends on the distance between the specimen and the film. A metal bar or strip with known length can be used as a reference. It should be placed at the same distance from the film as that of the subject. A standard goniometer is effective for measuring angles based on radiographic images. A custom computer program based on X ray images has been developed in the author’s laboratory. It is capable of evaluating the periostial and endostial dimensions of the upper humerus and glenoid. Parameters which may be evaluated include humeral canal width, shaft width, tuberosity offset, head offset, radius of curvature of the head and glenoid, head diameter, canal flare index, glenoid height and depth, arc of enclosure, radius of curvature and depth of cancellous bone.19
Selection of Material for Dialysis Membrane
Sirshendu De, Anirban Roy in Hemodialysis Membranes, 2017
The way in which a liquid droplet interacts with a particular surface gives an idea about the wettability characteristic of the surface. This is measured by the contact angle of the droplet with the surface. This is depicted in Figure 4.7b. The contact angle is defined as the angle between the liquid–solid and liquid–vapor interfaces. From the figure, it is clear that a liquid drop on a surface can create three types of angles (θ). When θ > 90°, it basically implies that the liquid droplet does not “like” the surface and would minimize its contact with it, forming a compact drop. Wetting in this case is unfavorable. The other extreme of such a case is when θ < 90°, that is, when the drop maximizes its contact surface with the solid. In this case, it “likes” the surface and wetting is favorable. If the liquid is water, then θ > 90° implies “hydrophobic” surfaces, and when θ > 150° the surface is “superhydrophobic.” On the other hand, θ < 90° implies “hydrophilic” surfaces. In Greek, “gonia” means angle and “metron” means measure. A goniometer is used for measuring the liquid contact angle on a substrate. A typical goniometer is depicted in Figure 4.8a.
Examination of Pediatric Hand and Wrist
Nirmal Raj Gopinathan in Clinical Orthopedic Examination of a Child, 2021
Instruments and materials required for a complete hand examination include:4Cotton and pin to assess soft touch and pain.Tuning fork to assess vibration (256 Hz).Goniometer to assess range of motions.Two-point discriminator/bent paper clip.Dynamometer.Hand-held Doppler.Materials such as a ball, bottle, card, and key to assess grasp and pinch.
No decrease of muscle strength, function and exercise found after reverse shoulder arthroplasty follow-up
Published in European Journal of Physiotherapy, 2021
Thea Morin Melås, Bård Bogen, Justin A. M. J. Van Leeuwen
The primary outcome measure was isometric strength measured with the MicroFET2 handheld dynamometer (Hoggan Scientific, Salt Lake City, UT). A make test was used and the patients were instructed to develop maximal force in a seated position within 5 s at 60° abduction and flexion. Flexion and abduction were chosen because the deltoid muscle serves as the primary muscle for movement in both flexion and abduction postoperatively [3]. A goniometer was used to determine joint angle. Handheld dynamometry as a measure of shoulder strength has shown to be valid [15] and reliable [16,17]. The minimal detectable change (MDC) has been suggested to be 13.1 N on the nondominant side and 11.7 N on the dominant side for abduction in healthy adults [16]. For flexion, a strength change of more than 15% in any position with humeral elevation can be considered meaningful [18]. Strength was tested at 60° to ensure the recruitment of the deltoid muscle during abduction, which reaches its maximal level of activation between 60 and 90° [19]. Handheld dynamometry as a measure of shoulder strength was used to perform three measurements for each movement in a standardised manner: The dynamometer was placed 4 cm proximal to the lateral epicondyle of the elbow to avoid any interference from elbow pain. The average score of the three attempts was used. Between each measurement, the patients were given a 1-min break. In addition, the strength of the operated and the nonoperated sides was compared.
Reliability and validity of smartphone applications to measure the spinal range of motion: A systematic review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Shibili Nuhmani, Moazzam Hussain Khan, Shaji J Kachanathu, Mohd Arshad Bari, Turki S Abualait, Qassim I Muaidi
A summary of participant characteristics and study methodologies are shown (Table 1). The majority of studies (eight) were conducted on healthy participants, whereas three involved participants with neck pain. Both male and female participants were included in all the selected studies. The most common smartphone device was the iPhone (n = 8). Various smartphone applications were used in studies, but the most frequently used application was the clinometer (n = 3). The most frequently investigated anatomical region was the cervical region (n = 7). All the seven studies which assessed the cervical ROM investigated cervical rotation, whereas six examined cervical flexion, extension and five examined lateral flexion. Three studies (flexion n = 3, extension n = 2, and lateral flexion n = 1) investigated the ROM in the lumbar region. Only one study (thoracic rotation, n = 1) examined the thoracic ROM. Various criterion instruments were used in different studies, including the universal goniometer, inclinometers and 3D motion analyzers etc. All these instruments were found reliable in previous studies.
Evaluation of vibrant muscles over the shoulder region among workers of the hand screen printing industry
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2018
Shankar Subramaniam, Naveenkumar Raju, Karthick Jeganathan, Mohankumar Periyasamy
EMG signals were recorded using the DataLOG SEMG system (Biometrics, UK) [27,28], which has eight independent programmable channels with about 20-kHz sampling rate per channel and an automatic anti-alias digital filter operating at approximately –3 dB at 0.45 × sampling rate and a maximum attenuation of –13 dB above 0.8 × sampling rate. The DataLOG system was interfaced to a laptop to control the system remotely. The SEMG sensor (SX230; Biometrics, UK) used for the study is an active probe with amplifier input impedance >10,000,000 MΩ. Because of the aforementioned input impedance, only a small amount of skin preparation is required and no conducting gels are necessary to acquire the EMG signals. This EMG sensor could just be placed on the muscle using die-cut, medical-grade, double-sided adhesive tape. A twin-axial goniometer (SG110; Biometrics, UK) was used to measure the angular movement of the trunk. It has an accuracy of ±2° measured over a range of ±90°; the repeatability of the goniometer is 1° measured over a range of 90° and the life of the goniometer is 600,000 cycles.
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