Lower-intensity aerobic endurance sports
Nick Draper, Helen Marshall in Exercise Physiology, 2014
The traditional gold standard (seen as the most accurate measure) assessment of aerobic endurance or power is the maximal oxygen uptake (V̇ O2max) test, as developed by the British physiologist Archibald Hill. In a laboratory setting, the test is carried out using a treadmill, cycle ergometer (an ergometer is a work measuring device), rowing ergometer or kayak ergometer. The selection of ergometer is based upon the mode of exercise that most closely matches the demands of the sport. Maximal aerobic power is most commonly reported in either absolute terms (L·min−1) or relative to bodyweight (mL·kg−1·min−1). To convert from absolute to relative values simply multiply by 1000 to change from litres to millilitres and then divide by bodyweight. For example, a V̇ O2max of 4.2 L·min−1 for a 70 kg male would represent a relative V̇ O2max of 60 mL·kg−1·min−1 (4.2 × 1,000/70). For comparative purposes it is more useful to record data in the relative form rather than absolute figures. By doing this you take into account the body mass of the participants. Female athletes tend to have lower absolute V̇ O2max, but when converted to relative values differences between V̇ O2max scores between male and female athletes of similar abilities tend to be much smaller.
Exercise testing the obese
Robert B. Schoene, H. Thomas Robertson in Making Sense of Exercise Testing, 2018
Just as for normal and overweight patients, a progressive work test for an obese patient must incorporate at least 50% of the muscle mass, so that either treadmill or ergometer exercise will be necessary. The choice between the two will be dictated by patient limitations. If the patient is able to sit and pedal on a cycle ergometer, the ergometer has the advantage of supporting the patient's weight, thereby providing a more gradual onset of exercise work load. Nevertheless, the thigh weight of an obese patient requires a substantial increase in oxygen uptake for simple unloaded pedaling. Depending on the size of the exercising thighs, the increase in oxygen consumption in the transition from rest to unloaded pedaling may range between 400 and 600 mL/min. The watt increments chosen for the remainder of the protocol should be appropriate for an active normal subject of the same height. Otherwise healthy obese patients will have maximal oxygen consumptions somewhat above the height-predicted normal values.
Exercise, Natural Immunity, and Cancer: Causation, Correlation, or Conundrum
Ronald R. Watson, Marianne Eisinger in Exercise and Disease, 2020
The effects of acute exercise on NK cell frequency are well documented. Incorporating three fitness levels of subjects and four exercise protocols, Kendall et al.168 observed similar increases in the NK cell percentage of total lymphocytes across all conditions. These effects were present for the four different bicycle ergometer exercise tests of varying intensity and duration. Overall, a significant increase in the proportion and absolute number of NK cells was present immediately after exercise, with complete recovery to resting levels by 30 min post-exercise. No differences were observed at rest between the groups for absolute number or percentage of NK cells, with the exception of the low fitness group having an elevated proportion of NK cells apparently due to lower levels of T-helper cells. Similar reports of exercise and NK cell number and percentage have been published.146,169,170 The increase of NK cell number and percentage was shown to be a consistent effect when low fit subjects performed the same exercise routine for 5 d.171 It should be noted that a definitive NK cell monoclonal antibody is not yet available to permit precise quantification of NK cells.
Effects of aerobic exercise using cycle ergometry on balance and functional capacity in post-stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2021
Luigi Da Campo, Melina Hauck, Miriam Allein Zago Marcolino, Douglas Pinheiro, Rodrigo Della Méa Plentz, Fernanda Cechetti
Our meta-analysis showed that aerobic exercise with a cycle ergometer was not able to cause significant improvements in the 6MWT scores. In the study of Kamps et al. [21], the intervention protocol was 4 months, while in the studies of Jin et al. [17] and Lund et al. [24] it was 12 weeks. Two studies [17,22] demonstrated a significant increase in the cycle ergometer group compared to the control group with conventional therapy. The study by Lund et al. [24] showed that the intervention group retained the same values for the 6MWT in the pre- and post-intervention comparison, whereas the control group had a significant increase in this outcome. The author does not explain the reason for the better performance in 6MWT, but it is possibly because of an exercise series. Exercises are more dynamic and involve multiple joints, while aerobic exercise with a cycle ergometer is a static activity with cyclic movements of the lower or upper limbs and does not exercise the gait. Curiously, only Lund et al. [24] described the population included in their sample in detail, including age in years (40–80) and months post-stroke (between 6 and 36), which may have influenced these results.
Comparing the effect of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with uncontrolled and partially controlled asthma
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2019
PR sessions, lasting 2 hours, were performed twice a week for 8 weeks. PR was completely tailored to suit the needs of each individual. The program consisted of education, supervised exercise training, nutritional intervention, and psychological counseling if needed. The exercise program included breathing exercises consisting of pursed-lip breathing, diaphragmatic breathing, thoracic expansion exercises, relaxation and stretching exercises, upper- and lower-extremity muscle strength training, and aerobic exercises. All strengthening exercises were started without weights. Patients began with 8 repetitions and progressed to 10. When the patient was able to perform the workload for 1–2 repetitions above the desired number, the load was increased by 2%–10%. Treadmill and bicycle/arm ergometer were used for aerobic exercises. We calculated workloads for both cycling and walking speed on the treadmill from results of the 6MWT (21). Patients trained at 60%–90% of their maximum heart rate. In addition, we used Borg dyspnea scores to regulate exercise (22). Exercise intensity increased according to patient progress. Aerobic exercises were performed for 30 minutes. All patients were informed of the importance of continuing exercising at home and to continue their inhaled bronchodilator therapy during the PR program (8).
A closed-loop multibody model to assess lower-limb kinematics in rowing
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
M. Retailleau, P. Fisette, F. Colloud
However, for outdoor sport activities such as rowing, acquisition of the rower’s kinematics on-water is still challenging. Most of rowing biomechanics studies are performed on ergometer while significant differences were observed with on-water conditions (Miarka et al. 2018). In other words, rower’s movement on-water must be estimated with another method. The rower’s lower-limb kinematics can be modelled as a closed-loop kinematic chain by assuming that the feet and the pelvis are always in touch with the foot stretchers and the seat, respectively. The aim of this study is to develop a closed-loop multibody model to assess the rowers’ lower-limb kinematics being usable during on-water training sessions with few measurements tools. By this way, we suggest that the kinematics of the hips, knees and ankles can be reasonably estimated via the knowledge of the translation and rotation of the pelvis and feet only. In order to assess the performance of this method, the comparison to a traditional inverse kinematics open-loop method based on data measured with a motion capture system was carried out in laboratory.
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- Aerobic Exercise
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- High-Intensity Interval Training
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