Heat, cold and electrical trauma
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones in Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
Internally, there are no characteristic findings in fatal electrocution. Deaths from electricity, generally, do not have specific findings at the autopsy. The diagnosis is commonly based on the circumstances of the death and the morphologic findings, above all the current mark. The skin lesions are mainly thermal in nature, but opinions vary as to whether histological appearances are specific to electricity. It has been said that the cell nuclei line up in parallel rows because of the electric field, but similar appearances can occur in purely thermal burns. Metallisation of the skin may be a marker of electrocution. The use of a scanning electron microscope equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) probe may allow the detection and the identification of the metals embedded in the skin and their evaluation in the context of the ultrastructural morphology, and assist in diagnosis.
Viruses as Nanomaterials
Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji in Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Recently, the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology has provided a driving force in the development of various high-resolution microscopy techniques to learn more about nanomaterials using a beam of highly energetic electrons to probe objects on a very fine scale (Yao and Kimura 2007). Among various electron microscopy techniques, SEM is a surface-imaging method, fully capable of resolving different particle sizes, size distributions, nanomaterial shapes, and the surface morphology of the synthesized particles at the micro and nanoscales (Hall et al. 2007; Lin et al. 2014). SEM is a widely used method for the high-resolution imaging of surfaces that can be employed to also characterize nanoscale materials. Using SEM, we can probe the morphology of particles and derive a histogram from the images by either measuring and counting the particles manually, or by using specific software (Fissan et al. 2014). The combination of SEM with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) can be used to examine silver powder morphology and also conduct chemical composition analysis. The limitation of SEM is that it is not able to resolve the internal structure, but it can provide valuable information regarding the purity and the degree of particle aggregation. The modern high-resolution SEM can identify the morphology of nanoparticles below the level of 10 nm.
A-Z of Standardisation, Pre-Clinical, Clinical and Toxicological Data
Saroya Amritpal Singh in Regulatory and Pharmacological Basis of Ayurvedic Formulations, 2017
Standardization: Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy has been used in setting quality control parameters of Avipattikar churna (Kumar and Nani 2012). The results obtained with the market formulations and the in-house formulations of Avipattikar churna were found to be comparable and variation was insignificant. Acid insoluble ash value for in-house formulation was found to be 0.356 ± 0.073 (Average value along with standard deviation), in case of marketed formulation, this was found to be 0.931 ± 0.160 and 1.197 ± 0.098 (Aswatha Ram et al. 2009).
Sageretia thea (Osbeck.) modulated biosynthesis of NiO nanoparticles and their in vitro pharmacognostic, antioxidant and cytotoxic potential
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Ali Talha Khalil, Muhammad Ovais, Ikram Ullah, Muhammad Ali, Zabta Khan Shinwari, Dilawar Hassan, Malik Maaza
Various techniques were used for the characterization of annealed nickel oxide nanoparticles. X-ray diffractometer (model Bruker AXS D8 Advance) with irradiation line Kα of copper (λ = 1.5406 A°) was used to investigate the crystalline nature of the biogenically synthesized nanoparticles. XRD analysis was carried out and their corresponding size was calculated using Scherer equation {<Øsize> = K λ/Δθ1/2 cosθ}. FTIR spectra were recorded in the range of 400–4000 cm−1. Raman spectrum was recorded from 0 cm−1 to 2000 cm−1 with a laser line of 473 nm and average excitation power of 2.48 mW. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was carried out to determine the elemental composition. HR-TEM and HR-SEM were utilized to investigate the particles morphology and size distribution.
Photodynamic therapy on skin melanoma and epidermoid carcinoma cells using conjugated 5-aminolevulinic acid with microbial synthesised silver nanoparticles
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2019
Aishwarya Shivashankarappa, Konasur Rajesh Sanjay
The absorbance spectrum of silver nanoparticles was measured using Shimadzu 2.42 UV–Visible spectrophotometer (300–700 nm). The Fluorescence emission was recorded from 300 nm to 700 nm by Hitachi Fluorescence Spectrophotometer with different excitation wavelengths. The size and morphology of the silver nanoparticles were studied by ZEISS scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental analysis was performed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The functional groups were analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential analysis were performed to study the surface characteristics, stability and charge of the nanoparticles using Microtrac Particle Analyser. The crystalline nature of the nanoparticles was analysed by powder X-ray diffractometer, Rigaku (Tokyo, Japan), Smart Lab. The intensity of nanoparticles was measured from 10° to 80° at 2θ angles.
Homogeneity of amorphous solid dispersions – an example with KinetiSol®
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Scott V. Jermain, Dave Miller, Angela Spangenberg, Xingyu Lu, Chaeho Moon, Yongchao Su, Robert O. Williams
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a widely-utilized technique to characterize particle morphology of amorphous solid dispersions by using a monochromatic electron beam to probe the surface and near-surface areas of materials [35]. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is often combined with SEM (SEM/EDS) and is able to provide semi-quantitative identification of elemental information for the area ionized by the SEM beam [36]. The X-ray photons escape from depths of several µm within the sample upon excitation from the SEM beam, so the EDS technique is considered to be sensitive to surface and near-surface elements in the sample [35]. When combined with the SEM beam, a two-dimensional image can be created that maps the elemental distribution across the sample [37]. By identifying an element or elements unique to the drug of interest, SEM/EDS can be utilized to evaluate homogeneous dispersion of a drug-polymer system at a spatial resolution of several µm [35,37].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Elemental Analysis
- X-Ray
- Atom
- Emission Spectrum
- Spectroscopy
- Moseley'S Law
- X-Ray Detector
- Electron Microscope
- Scanning Electron Microscope
- Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy