Starch-Based Nanocarriers of Nutraceuticals: Synthesis and Applications
Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani in Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements, 2020
Encapsulation is the technology of encasing substances in solid, liquid, or gaseous states in matrices, namely, capsules. The concept emanates from the cell model in which the genetic information is protected in the nucleus in which a semipermeable membrane controls the transportation of several agents (Jafari, 2017). The ingredient inside the capsule is defined as the internal phase, while the wall is variously called the shell, coating, wall material, membrane shell, carrier material, or encapsulating agent. Based on this, the ingredient compounds can be adsorbed onto the surface or the interior of the nanovehicle by covalent or noncovalent binding (Khorasani et al., 2018). Several types of carriers that can be employed in the nutraceutical sector, including polymeric micelles, nanoliposomes, nanospheres, nanoemulsions, and biodegradable nanoparticles such as starch nanoparticles, are the focus of this chapter.
An introduction to modelling
Peter Edwards, Stephen Jones, Dennis Shale, Mark Thursz in Shared Care, 2018
Object-oriented analysis allows a new way of looking at old problems. As we have seen object-oriented techniques change information system analysts’ view of the world. Instead of thinking about processes and desegregation of processes, they think about objects and their behaviour. The objects may be complex internally, like an electronic machine, but analysts do not need to understand that complexity (unless they design the machine). Knowing how the objects behave and how to use them is enough. This means that the designer thinks in terms of behaviour of objects, not low-level detail. Encapsulation hides the details and makes complex classes easy to use. Classes are like black boxes; developers use the black box and do not look inside it. They have to understand the behaviour of the black box and how to communicate with it. There is also better communication between information system professionals and business people. Business people more easily understand the object-oriented paradigm. They think in terms of events, objects and business policies that describe the behaviour of objects.
Preclinical Molecular Imaging Systems
Michael Ljungberg in Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
SiPMs are also being used as photodetectors in preclinical SPECT systems. In one system, monolithic LYSO scintillators are coupled to an array of SiPMs [68]. LYSO is non-hygroscopic, which eliminates the need for encapsulation. Using the SiPM makes the overall detector system very compact. These detectors use the same positioning techniques as the monolithic detectors used in PET [28]. A drawback of using LYSO is that counts from the natural background activity of 176Lu may interfere with the signal from the gamma photons. Although this background can be corrected for, it may add noise and interfere with event positioning in the scintillator.
Core-shell micro/nanocapsules: from encapsulation to applications
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2023
Eslam Elkalla, Sumera Khizar, Mohamad Tarhini, Noureddine Lebaz, Nadia Zine, Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault, Abdelhamid Errachid, Abdelhamid Elaissari
Encapsulation is both a science and an art that demands experience, capability, and the authority of a wide range of technologies. This review has reported various encapsulation techniques to fabricate micro/nanocapsules along with their diverse applications. Nanocapsules containing polymers contributing to systems used for delivery of drugs could increase payloads bioavailability besides attaining persistent with precise delivery to target sites. Microencapsulation enclosing oils, food, and flavours improves encapsulation efficiency and extends products average life with the purpose of yielding good-quality food stuffs. In the field of cosmetics, microencapsulation has been developed for making items like antiperspirants, shampoos, and sprays, to improve their stability or bioavailability. Microencapsulation methods bring opportunity to fabricate unique products possessing several benefits when compared with customary fabrics. Encapsulation into microcapsules ensures the protection, controlled release of active agents with higher efficiency, and eco-friendly sustainable plant growth.
Biomedical application of chondroitin sulfate with nanoparticles in drug delivery systems: systematic review
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2021
Abebe Feyissa Amhare, Jian Lei, Huan Deng, Yizhen Lv, Jing Han, Lei Zhang
Regarding encapsulation efficiency, this review identified the efficiency of drug encapsulated or entrapped within chondroitin sulphate nanoparticles. CS plays a vital role in increasing drug loading capacity with nanocarriers. Like hyaluronic acid, CS also can increase drug loading capacity [23,57]. CS is utilised to decorate drug-loaded nanocarriers as a targeting moiety for an effective tumour targeting design [18]. Based on the studies’ report, the encapsulation efficiency was between 39.50% to 93.97%. Encapsulation is a process by which a material or mixture of some material is coated with another material. It can be used to slow the release of a drug into the body and also may decrease toxic side effects for some drugs by preventing high initial concentrations in the blood. Encapsulation can minimise the burst release of the drug before reaching the targeting site and maximise the concentration of drug at the targeting site [28]. High encapsulation efficiency is good for loading effect and also it is important for efficient drug delivery from the injection site to the target cells [38] (Table 2).
Characterisation of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oil encapsulates
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Murat Yilmaztekin, Steva Lević, Ana Kalušević, Mustafa Cam, Branko Bugarski, Vesna Rakić, Vladimir Pavlović, Viktor Nedović
Due to exposure to unfavorable environmental conditions, such as high temperatures or oxygen, the essential oils may lost their valuable ingredients and consequently their health benefits. Volatile and chemically unstable components of essential oils could be additionally protected by the process commonly known as encapsulation. Encapsulation could be defined as entrapping of active compound (core) into the structure of another material (shell) (Gibbs et al. 1999). Numerous encapsulation techniques, such as spray drying, fluid bed coating, spray-cooling, melt injection, coacervation, and encapsulation in polymer microsphere have been developed for encapsulation of food active compounds (Zuidam and Shimoni 2010). One of the promising encapsulation methods is entrapping of the active compound inside the polymer matrix. Among natural polymers, alginate has been intensively used for encapsulation of food additive (Manojlović et al. 2008) and essential oils (Chang and Dobashi 2003, Lai et al. 2007). Further, the size of alginate based encapsulates could be controlled using electrostatic droplet generation, enabling the production of spherical calcium alginate particles suitable for various biotechnological applications (Nedović et al. 2001, Manojlović et al. 2008, Lević et al. 2013).
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- Carrageenan
- Cellulose
- Gelatin
- Glycerol
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- Protein
- Starch
- Suppository
- Dosage Form
- Thickening Agent