Low Energy Particle Accelerators and Laboratories
Vlado Valković in Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
The Texas Nuclear Corporation neutron generator can be used as an X-ray machine, although the neutron generator is designed primarily to accelerate ionized beams of hydrogen and deuterium. We have seen, however, that it can be adapted to accelerate heavier charged particles such as 3He ions. It is also an electron accelerator, and hence, an x-ray machine. The machine can be converted from a positive ion accelerator to an electron accelerator by simply reversing the polarity of the 150 kV (or 100 kV) power supply and the extraction and focusing power supplies in the high voltage terminal. The meter connections, of course, also have to be reversed. The HV power supply is provided with a polarity reversing switch. Conversion from a positive to negative ion accelerator can be accomplished in about a half-hour.1 Operating at 150 kV, an electron beam current of 0.5 ma or greater can be obtained.
Radiological incidents and emergencies
Alan Martin, Sam Harbison, Karen Beach, Peter Cole in An Introduction to Radiation Protection, 2018
An accident occurred in 1991 at a Teflon treatment facility in Forbach (France) where an electron accelerator irradiator was being used to treat materials. In order to save time, three workers had entered the irradiation room via an exit. Although the accelerator was switched off, the accelerating voltage was not (known as ‘dark current’ mode) and the dose rate in the room still ranged from 100 mGy/s up to several grays per second (as opposed to 80,000 Gy/s when the accelerator was on). The three received localized doses, one severe enough to produce skin lesions. The skin doses were estimated at 40 Sv (effective dose of 1 Sv) for the worker with the worst injury, and 9 and 5 Sv for the other two workers.
Short-Lived Positron Emitting Radionuclides
Frank Helus, Lelio G. Colombetti in Radionuclides Production, 2019
As disadvantage may be mentioned that the radioactivity must be prepared immediately before application, which makes the access to an in-house charged particle accelerator like a medical or compact cyclotron, necessary. It is obvious that application of these nuclides is not possible if information must be collected over a long period of time compared to the half-life of the nuclide. For the preparation of useful amounts of labeled product large amounts of radioactivity have to be handled with as consequence that for the protection of the personnel, automation and remote control of the procedures are necessary. Also heavy lead shielding of 5 to 10 cm has to be installed.
Dosimetry study on Auger electron-emitting nuclear medicine radioisotopes in micrometer and nanometer scales using Geant4-DNA simulation
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Seifi Moradi Mahdi, Shirani Bidabadi Babak
The results show that on a single-cell scale, each radioisotope transmits more dose than 131I (the exception is only in three configurations N ← Cy, N → CS and C → CS for 99Tc) and, on the other hand, they transmit small amounts of dose to healthy cells adjacent to the cancerous cell (up to 2.5%). These diagnostic radioisotopes have a good half-life and easier access to them. For example, access to therapeutic 211At radioisotope is limited due to the need for an alpha particle accelerator with moderate energy to produce it. Another 211At problem, its daughter, is 110Po, which emits alpha particles with a half-life of 138.4 days. Also, due to the proper energy of the Auger electrons and the internal conversion electrons of these diagnostic radioisotopes, they can also be used in cluster irradiation of cancer cells.
Survival study in early stages of glottis cancer, stratified by treatment
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2022
Yolanda Lois-Ortega, Fernando García-Curdi, Héctor Vallés-Varela, Ana Muniesa-del Campo
Those patients who were treated by TLM underwent different types of CO2 laser cordectomy, depending on the size and extent of the tumor, as considered by the surgical team. On the other hand, those who received RT were treated with a linear electron accelerator, with a radiation dose between 63 and 65 Gy and a conventional fractionation of 200–225 cGy per session, completing the treatment in approximately 30 sessions. Radiation doses and volume varied very little depending on tumor size since the area to be irradiated was small. In none of the cases was treatment performed on the ganglionic chains or on the salivary glands. After completing the primary treatment, clinical and radiological follow-up of the patient was carried out periodically.
The role of women scientists in the development of ultrashort pulsed laser technology-based biomedical research in Armenia
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Gohar Tsakanova, Elina Arakelova, Lusine Matevosyan, Mariam Petrosyan, Seda Gasparyan, Kristine Harutyunyan, Nelly Babayan
The development of ultrashort pulsed electron beam (UPEB) based biomedical research in Armenia became possible after the establishment of CANDLE Synchrotron Research Institute in 2002 where the AREAL (Advanced Research Electron Accelerator Lab) facility was constructed, which is a new laser driven linear accelerator for generating ultrashort relativistic electron pulses for advanced research in the fields of new acceleration concepts, novel radiation sources and applications in ultrafast life and materials sciences. A good perspective of this new approach is the possibility of an incremental upgrade of the facility energy for producing brilliant light via a Free Electron Laser.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cyclotron
- Deuterium
- Radionuclide
- Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
- Synchrotron Light Source
- Particle Therapy
- Oncology
- Cockcroft–Walton Generator
- Linear Particle Accelerator
- Hydrogen