Aromatic Medicine
Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam in Herbal Product Development, 2020
Solvent extraction can be used to extract EOs that are thermally labile. This process is generally used in recovering oils having a delicate flowery note, which may ordinarily be destroyed under steam distillation. The main advantage of extraction over distillation is that a lower temperature is used during the process. Therefore, reducing the risk of chemical changes due to high temperature, which are used during distillation. The solvent commonly employed is petroleum ether of low boiling point. The solvent is boiled in a separate vessel, and its vapors can enter a rotary drum in which baskets, containing the flowers to be extracted, are fitted. These baskets are pierced so that the vapors pass freely through the flowers as well as from one basket to another; by keeping the drum in rotation, fresh solvent comes at regular intervals in contact with flowers. There is also another method in which the solvent is allowed to pass through a series of vessels and extraction is carried out by the counter current system in which fresh solvent is allowed to pass through a series of vessels and extraction is carried out by the counter current system in which fresh solvent is allowed to pass over the flowers which have already given up most of their perfume by previous extraction. The saturated solvent is evaporated and an “absolute” of the flower perfume is obtained.
Value-Added Products and Bioactive Compounds from Fruit Wastes
Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria in Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Hydro-distillation is used to extract oils and other bioactive compounds from plants. It can be applied before drying a plant sample. There are 3 kinds of hydro-distillation, such as, water distillation, water, and steam distillation [174]. The process of hydro-distillation starts with packing the plant sample in a still compartment. Then, boiling is performed with adequate quantity of water. Steam can be used as an alternative for extraction. The vapor mixture of water and oil is condensed and the condensed mixture is sent to a separator, where the bioactive compounds and oil are separated from the water [147, 156]. Hydro-distillation includes processes of hydro-diffusion, hydrolysis, and heat decomposition. Since, this process involves application of heat, it may not be suitable for heat-labile compounds [147].
Collection, Harvesting, Processing, Alternative Uses and Production of Essential Oil
Massimo Maffei in Vetiveria, 2002
Many distillation processes are available: distillation with water and steam at environmental pressure using direct fire;direct fire distiller surrounded by a jacket filled with insulating oil and cohobation of the distillation water;distillation employing only steam at environmental pressure;same procedure analysed above, but using 1.5 bar pressure;turbodistillation;solvent extraction;supercritical CO2 extraction.
Lichenochemicals: extraction, purification, characterization, and application as potential anticancer agents
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Mahshid Mohammadi, Vasudeo Zambare, Ladislav Malek, Christine Gottardo, Zacharias Suntres, Lew Christopher
Hydrodistillation is a physicochemical process of aqueous diffusion, hydrolysis of plant or microbial cell substances, and their decomposition by heat. Hydrodistillation can be carried out as water distillation, water and steam distillation, or direct steam distillation. Water distillation is the soaking of lichen material followed by boiling the resulting mixture. Hot water releases essential oils from oil glands whereas steam distillation extracts steam-volatile essential oils by passing vaporized steam through the lichen sample. The main disadvantage of this technique is the loss of heat-labile compounds at a high-temperature distillation. Hydrodistillation was used for the extraction of essential oils with potent bioactivities from two lichens species, Evernia prunastri, and Ramalina farinacea [78].
Assessing cancer hazards of bitumen emissions – a case study for complex petroleum substances
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2018
Anthony J. Kriech, Ceinwen A. Schreiner, Linda V. Osborn, Anthony J. Riley
The product, bitumen, is used in many ways due to its engineering properties for building roads, waterproofing roofs and in hydraulic applications such as pond liners. Bitumen is a non-distillable residuum obtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils (Asphalt Institute, Eurobitume 2015). The distillation process normally involves atmospheric distillation followed by either vacuum distillation or steam distillation. Additional processing, such as air oxidation, solvent stripping or blending of petroleum residua of different stiffness characteristics, may be needed to form a material whose physical properties meet the technical requirements for commercial applications.
An Evaluation of the Practice Element Response Form in a Sample of Preservice Trainees
Published in Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2022
Tristan J. Maesaka, Elisa S. Shernoff, Brad J. Nakamura
Although the preservice training literature has typically centered its analyses and efforts on the EBP metrics of brand-named manuals or larger treatment approaches with similar theoretical underpinnings (i.e., “treatment families” such as CBT; Nakamura et al., 2014a), researchers across a variety of disciplines are beginning to recognize the practical advantages of distillation and modularity in preservice training and practice (Barth et al., 2014; Kataoka et al., 2014; Shoham et al., 2014). The concepts of treatment distillation and modularity have emerged as innovative applications for summarizing and flexibly assembling evidence-based components, addressing therapist concerns regarding the rigidity of manualized treatment. Distillation refers to quantitatively identifying technique commonalities (i.e., practice elements) across a wide variety of youth EBP protocols (Chorpita & Daleiden, 2009; Chorpita et al., 2005a). For example, within the problem area of youth anxiety, the practice element or discrete component of “exposure” has been identified in 145 of 165 (i.e., 89%) EBP protocol treatment groups (Higa-McMillan et al., 2016). Modularity refers to the guided assembly of practice elements, frequently through a flowchart or algorithm, into an overall coherent treatment approach informed by various sources of data and information (Chorpita et al., 2005b). Both innovations may have promising applications within the preservice training context, as they present students with manageable and specific EBP training components, while simultaneously offering a flexibly guided approach for assembling those elements (Barth et al., 2014). Furthermore, this approach to training may equip graduates with the fundamental skills that can be applied to future interventions encountered in their careers, better preparing them to deliver a wider range of evidence-based treatments (Becker-Haimes et al., 2019).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chemical Reaction
- Separation Process
- Mixture
- Still
- Dry Distillation
- Destructive Distillation
- Cracking
- Relative Volatility
- Liquor
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