Production of Essential Oils
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
A modern distillation plant consists of the biomass container (still pot), a cooling system (condenser), an oil separator, and a high-capacity steam generator. The kettle (still pot) looks like a cylindrical vertical storage tank with steam pipes located at the bottom of the still. Perforated sievelike plates are often used to separate the plant charge and prevent compaction, thus allowing the steam unimpeded access to the biomass. The outlet for the oil-laden steam is usually incorporated into the design of the usually hemispherical, hinged still pot lid. The steam is then passed through the cooling system, either a plate heat exchanger or a surface heat exchanger, such as a cold-water condenser. The usually liquid condensate is separated into essential oil and distillation water in an appropriate oil separator such as a Florentine flask. The distillation water may, in some cases, be redistilled, and the remaining essential oil is recovered, dried, and stored. Figure 5.10 shows a cross section of such a still.
Ayurveda
Dilip Ghosh, Pulok K. Mukherjee in Natural Medicines, 2019
A liquid preparation obtained by distillation of certain liquids or herbs soaked in water using the distillation apparatus. For example, ajamodarka, which is used as a digestive, contains Apium graveolens as the main ingredient.
Short-Lived Positron Emitting Radionuclides
Frank Helus, Lelio G. Colombetti in Radionuclides Production, 2019
In the literature two methods for the preparation of nitrogen-13 labeled ammonia are reported. The first method is based on the reduction of 13N-labeled nitrates and nitrites formed in a water target by the 16O(p,α)13N reaction as discussed before. In the second method the labeled ammonia is produced directly in a carbon containing target, as consequence of a chemical reaction between the target material and recoiling nitrogen-13 atoms generated by the 12C(d,n)13N reaction. Lathrop125 introduced the first method. The procedure is as follows: after irradiation the target water is removed remotely from the target system and introduced into a reaction vessel which contains a reducing agent in an alkaline medium. Next the 13NH3 formed is distilled out of the reaction mixture either by steam distillation or by a flow of helium gas. In the first case the steam is condensed and the radioactive ammonia solution collected in a few milliliters of water. The distillation process only takes 2 or 3 min. Figure 8 shows a distillation apparatus assembled from glass components normally available in any chemical laboratory. When a flow of helium is used to separate the 13NH3 from the reduction mixture, the reaction flask is heated either by an external source or by the heat generated when the bombarded water is added to the Devarda’s alloy and the NaOH pellets. The 13NH3 is collected from the gas flow by passing it through water, saline, or a buffered solution. The whole procedure can be completed within 8 min after the end of bombardment yielding 13NH3 with a radiochemical purity of better than 99.9% when the 15O is not taken into account. Of all the nitrogen-13 activity produced in the target at least 90% can be recovered as ammonia. The reduction of the nitrate and nitrite can be carried out by several reducing agents. Some prefer TiCl3 in alkaline medium while others prefer Devarda’s alloy and NaOH115,132,133 or Ti(OH)3.134 In the beginning the reduction proceeds rather vigorously and attention has to be paid that no aerosols containing sodium hydroxide enter the condensor. Advisable is to pass the helium flow or the steam through a trap.
Protective effect of Alstonia scholaris Linn. R. Br. against Bleomycin induced chromosomal damage in cultured human lymphocytes, in vitro
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Dhruti Mistry, Meonis Pithawala
The bark, stem and leaves of A. scholaris were collected separately and dried for 2–3 days at room temperature. After drying, they were ground crumbly. The finely ground powder was placed in a porous bag (thimble) made of strong filter paper. The thimble was placed in the chamber of Soxhlet apparatus. Two separate solvents (methanol and double distilled water) were used for extraction. The extraction assembly was set up as described by (Handa et al.2008). Hot continuous extraction was carried out. After 5–6 refluxing cycles, a drop of solvent from the siphon tube was collected and observed for residue mark after evaporation. When no residue was found from the evaporated drop so collected, the refluxing cycle was terminated. The solvent containing extract siphoned out in to the distillation still was collected and allowed to cool. The liquid content was evaporated and condensed. This was stored in sterile labeled container at 4° to 8 °C until further use. Extracts were re-dissolved in sterile pyrogen free water and sterilized using syringe filters prior to use.
Influence of agro-climatic conditions on chemical compositions and repellency effect of Mentha longifolia plant against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Masoumeh Pirmohammadi, Mohammad Reza Abai, Mansoureh Shayeghi, Hassan Vatandoost, Sara Rahimi, Maryam Pirmohammadi
Fresh leaves of M. longiofolia were dried naturally on laboratory benches at room temperature (23–27 °C). About 500 g of dried leaves were powdered using Moulinex food processor. The essential oil was extracted from 50 g of ground tissue in 1 l of water contained in a 2 l flask and heated by heating jacket at 100 °C for 4 h in a Clevenger-type water steam distillation apparatus, according to producers outlined British Pharmacopeia. The distilled essential oils was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and transferred into airtight vials, finally stored at 4 °C until being used in the experiments. The chemical composition of the volatile constituents was evaluated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
Retrospective review of 37.4 Gy in 11 fractions for the palliation of advanced cervical cancer
Published in Southern African Journal of Gynaecological Oncology, 2021
Andriani K Morphis, Hildah Napo, Gina Joubert
Radiation is often used in this setting to manage symptoms, most often bleeding and pain. The decision to offer palliative radiotherapy is based on effectiveness of the treatment, treatment-related side effects and the impact on quality of life. There is still a need to compare the different fractionation regimens.5 Patient status, the extent of local disease and tolerance of the surrounding normal tissue to radiotherapy are factors to consider when choosing a radiotherapy schedule.6 Palliative radiotherapy is offered with the aim of providing quick, effective symptom control and improving quality of life.7
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