Bioengineering of Inorganic Nanoparticle Using Plant Materials to Fight Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi in Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Mycobacterial cell wall mycolic acids, mannose and lactose have become one of the leading ligands for targeted drug delivery for TB management (Costa-Gouveia et al., 2017). Apart from target delivery, pharmaceutical agents can also be added to the surface of the nanoparticle. In the field of drug delivery, nanoparticles can serve as carriers of drugs either through encapsulation or surface conjugation where drug release is stimulated by an external (light, ultrasound or magnetic field) or internal stimuli (pH, redox balance or temperature changes) (Le et al., 2019). When functionalizing inorganic nanoparticles, various antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin have been conjugated to zinc oxide nanoparticles whilst ampicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, neomycin have been conjugated to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) against bacterial infections (Singh et al., 2020). A recent study has also shown the use of tetracycline as a co‐reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles, with killing effect against both gram‐negative and gram‐positive tetracycline‐susceptible and tetracycline‐resistant bacteria (Djafari et al., 2016). By combining gold nanoparticles with a multiblock copolyester, Gajendiran and colleagues showed that multi-TB drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide) could be released over a period of 264 hours (Gajendiran et al., 2016).
Evaluation of the effectiveness of the tuba uterina tubular flap in the peripheral nervous system regeneration in rats
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2022
Mehmet Emin Cem Yildirim, Mehmet Dadaci, Bilsev Ince, İlker Uyar, Serhat Yarar, Pembe Oltulu, Recep Aygul
Autogenous and synthetic materials can be used as nerve conduits in peripheral nerve surgery. All of the autogenous materials used as nerve conduits have been used as grafts until now. Autogenous materials in peripheral nerve repair surgery include the following: arteries, veins, muscles, tendons, amnion, mesothelium, pseudo synovial sheaths. All have been used as a grafts according to the literature [3]. In addition, non-absorbable synthetic materials such as silicon and collagen, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, polyglycolic acid, poly-L-Lactid Glycolic-Acid (PLGA), polyester, copolyester, and alginate-containing synthetic materials are also found in the literature as nerve conduits used in peripheral nerve repair [3,19]. The literature contains studies in which the various advantages and disadvantages of both autologous grafts and synthetic materials are discussed. In recent years, nerve conduits have been used in clinical practice and a significant functional improvement has been claimed in peripheral nerve injuries [4,5,14,19–21]. Additionally, in nerve defects below 3 cm, it is possible to find studies in which functional recovery is reported using autologous vein grafts as a nerve conduit and chitosan/PGA nerve guides [3].
Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates as medical implant biomaterials
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a diverse biopolyester synthesized by many bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage materials (Figure 1), have been produced in large quantity for various application researches [1,2], including medical implant research for approximately 30 years [3]. One of the earliest attempts in 1996 by Rivard et al. used a PHA copolyester termed poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) for orthopaedic and regeneration purposes [4]. The PHBV copolymer was transformed into 3D foams for the culture 3D of ovine chondrocytes and osteoblasts. The cellular growth and diffusion took place throughout the entire volume of the PHBV porous artificial substrata during the 30-day incubation. Soon after several successes, the first commercial company Tepha Inc. (Lexington, MA) was established to commercialize the implants based on PHA.
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