The Role of Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy through Apoptosis Induction
Hala Gali-Muhtasib, Racha Chouaib in Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment, 2020
Two main signaling pathways, the TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)- TNF receptor (TNFR) and the Fas-Fas ligand (FasL), have been well-characterized in the extrinsic or cell receptor pathway of apoptotic mechanisms. Both involve receptors of the family coupled to extrinsic signals [32]. These pathways activate CASP-8. CASP-8 in turn activates CASP-3, which is responsible for proteolysis of cellular factors and finally creating the morphological signs of apoptosis (Fig. 3.1). All death receptors (DR) in cell surface are distinguished by their specific ligands. They translocate the death signal to the cytosol by their death domain. There are at least six members of DR family: TNF-R1, TRAILR 1 and 2 (TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Receptor 1 and 2), CD95 (Fas), DR3, and DR6, which will be discussed below [33].
Matrix Model for Suicide Prevention
John R. Cutcliffe, José Carlos Santos, Paul S. Links, Juveria Zaheer, Henry G. Harder, Frank Campbell, Rod McCormick, Kari Harder, Yvonne Bergmans, Rahel Eynan in Routledge International Handbook of Clinical Suicide Research, 2013
Canada does not have a National Suicide Prevention Strategy. However, the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention (CASP) released in October 2004 their Blueprint for a National Suicide Prevention Strategy. The second edition of the CASP strategy was released at their 2009 National Conference in Brandon, Manitoba (CASP, 2009). In spite of this effort, the Canadian government has not yet developed policies or procedures to implement a Canadian National Suicide Prevention Strategy. Ironically, the objectives of most strategies adopted around the world are based on expert consensus guidelines for national strategies for the prevention of suicide that were formulated at a meeting in Calgary and Banff, Alberta, and adopted by the UN in 1996 (CASP, 2009). The Blueprint includes the common themes found in suicide prevention strategies which include: public education, responsible media reporting, school-based programs, detection and treatment of depression and other mental disorders, attention to those abusing alcohol and drugs, attention to individuals suffering from somatic illness, enhanced access to mental health services, improvement in assessment of attempted suicide, postvention, crisis intervention, work and unemployment policy, training and education of health professionals and reduced access to lethal methods of suicide (Anderson & Jenkins, 2006).
Reviewing the literature systematically
Jeremy Jolley in Introducing Research and Evidence-Based Practice for Nursing and Healthcare Professionals, 2020
A PICO chart does not tell us how ‘good’ each research study is. The good news is that ready-made charts exist for this purpose too. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) website, at https://casp-uk.net/casp-tools-checklists/, has check lists for just about any kind of research article one may wish to review. Table 3.2 provides an example of the use of CASP for a qualitative study.
In silico and in vivo demonstration of the regulatory mechanism of Qi-Ge decoction in treating NAFLD
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Chong Peng, Jing Li, Xuehong Ke, Fengbin Liu, Ke-er Huang
Activation of the transcription factor and myelocytomatosis oncogene MYC allows it to stably interact with sirtuin 7 on the ribosomal protein promoter to induce the ER stress response and cause liver damage in mice that looks similar to that in humans. Caspase (CASP)-3 is a critical molecule involved in cell apoptosis [47]. Palmitic acid-induced liver cell lipotoxicity not only causes excessive lipid deposition and ER stress, but also leads to liver cell apoptosis [48]. This is because the polymer formed by the activation of factor-1 under palmitic acid stress binds to the caspase precursor protein to generate apoptotic bodies and activate CASP9, which further activates CASP3 and ultimately leads to liver cell apoptosis. Additionally, studies have found that HFD feeding significantly increases the expression of CASP3 in mouse liver cells [49]. Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8, also known as JNK1) has been shown to induce accelerated liver regeneration in mice. This is mainly achieved by mediating the reversal of the inadequate regenerative capacity of hepatic stellate cells through the MAPK8-Indian hedgehog axis [50], which may represent a unique mechanism by which MAPK8 protects the liver from damage.
The Mechanical Autophagy as a Part of Cellular Immunity; Facts and Features in Treating the Medical Disorders
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Hany Khalil, Amira Abd ElHady, Khaled A. Elawdan, Dalia Mohamed, Doaa D. Mohamed, Ahmed I Abd El Maksoud, Farha A. El-Chennawi, Bhgat El-Fikiy, Ibrahim H. El-Sayed
Programmed cell death (PCD) or apoptosis refers to the changes that occur in the cells that aim to self-kill in response to intrinsic or extrinsic events to maintain the molecular balance that is required to prevent diseases. These changes begin with a series of cellular pathways known as apoptotic signaling that leads to serious damage in cellular DNA and characteristic cell changes. The characteristic morphology of apoptosis includes nuclear condensation, cell shrinking, membrane blebbing, and DNA fragmentation. The apoptotic signaling is activated by a family of cytosine proteases namely caspases (casps) that converge on a common protocol of cell destruction. The conjugation and association between initiator casps including casp-2, casp-8, casp-9, casp-10, casp-11, and casp-12, is required for the pro-apoptotic signals. Subsequently, the activation of these casps cleaves and activates the downstream targets of other casps including casp-3, casp-6, and casp-7 which in turn approve the PCD by cleaving cellular proteins (Kurokawa and Kornbluth 2009; Plati et al. 2011).
A clinical and in-silico study exploring the association of CASP-3, NF-kB, miR-187, and miR-146 in pre-eclampsia
Published in Hypertension in Pregnancy, 2021
Charu Sharma, Purvi Purohit, Manoj Khokhar, Anupama Modi, Pratibha Singh, Shashank Shekhar, Shailja Sharma, Meenakshi Gothwal, Praveen Sharma
The current study, for the first time, reports the apoptosis gene CASP3, its regulatory transcription factor NF-κB and the regulatory MicroRNAs hsa-miR-146-5p and hsa-miR-187-5p in the blood samples and placental tissue of pre-eclamptic women. Recent studies have demonstrated apoptosis to have a significant role in the etiology and progression of PE. Apoptosis, defined as programmed cell death, is an important mechanism involved in maternal-fetal immune tolerance (19). In the extrinsic pathway mechanism, a cell expressing an FAS receptor on the surface binds to its FAS ligand, which activates a cascade of pro-apoptotic elements leading to cell death. The binding of FAS Ligand to the transmembrane receptor FAS recruits Pro-CASP-8. Subsequently, Pro-CASP-8 activates to CASP8 via the cleaving by procaspase and generating the active form of CASP3. The active CASP3 recruits other downstream effectors, eventually culmination in cell death (19). Placental development relies upon effective implantation and invasion of the maternal decidua (spiral arterioles) by the placental trophoblast. In normal pregnancy, trophoblast apoptosis increases with placental growth and advancing gestation. However, apoptosis is notably exaggerated in pregnancy complications like PE that is caused due to reduction of Maternal Blood flow in the intervillous space, hypoxic damage of the villous trophoblast leading to release of syncytiotrophoblast membrane fragments (20).
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