Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering and Their Application in the Oral and Maxillofacial Region
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie in Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
In tissue engineering a bioreactor is a device that simulates the natural environment of a tissue so as to promote its growth. It is usually a perfusion chamber connected to a pump system that allows peristaltic pumping of fresh medium, and is kept at a controlled oxygen level. This allows the maintenance of ideal physiologic conditions that promote development of the required tissue. This helps to recreate the microenvironment that was described above. Other parameters that can be controlled include the application of forces or stresses to the tissues in both two or three dimensions, thus simulating the environment in which, for example, bone develops.14 These devices are becoming increasingly popular for the development of grafts for use in the head and neck region as they are able to overcome one of the main problems in tissue engineering, which is the maintenance of a good oxygen supply and removal of cellular waste products. They also allow the maturation of the graft in the laboratory prior to its placement into the surgical recipient site.
Ethnobotany Post-Genomic Horizons and Multidisciplinary Approaches for Herbal Medicine Exploration: An Overview
T. Pullaiah, K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur in Ethnobotany of India, 2017
Bioreactor is designed for mass cultivation of plant shoots and plantlet cultures which can result in high number of plant secondary products/bioactive compounds compared to the whole plants. Bioreactor has several advantages, not only in giving nutrition in a controlled environment for the growth of mass cell culture, but also helps plant cells to carry out biochemical trans- formation which leads to synthesis of bioactive components. Bioreactors provide better control, constant regulation of plant cell growth, simple and trouble free harvest and uptake of nutrients, thus leading to high multiplication rate and high yield of bioactive compounds. It gives great hope to the pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, bioreactor prevents deterioration of natural herbs and helps mass cultivation. This method can be used for most of the lifesaving drugs (Popovic and Portner, 2012).
Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi in Articular Cartilage, 2017
As the field of tissue engineering matures, more complex bioreactors have been developed to more faithfully replicate the native environment of target tissues. Each bioreactor reviewed previously has advantages and disadvantages to its design. Some systems appear to have greater effects on collagen production (e.g., direct compression and hydrostatic pressure), while others enhance proteoglycan synthesis (e.g., hydrostatic pressure). More information is continually being accrued that helps elucidate the complicated relationship between mechanical stimuli and cell response. Successfully applying mechanical stimulation can be difficult because each bioreactor has to be optimized to take advantage of its benefits while minimizing its deficiencies. One possible solution is to combine two or more bioreactors that complement each other’s strengths and eliminate weaknesses.
Manufacturing T cells in hollow fiber membrane bioreactors changes their programming and enhances their potency
Published in OncoImmunology, 2021
Seung Mi Yoo, Vivan W.C. Lau, Craig Aarts, Bojana Bojovic, Gregory Steinberg, Joanne A. Hammill, Anna Dvorkin-Gheva, Raja Ghosh, Jonathan L. Bramson
A central component of the process used to manufacture T cells is the vessel, or bioreactor, used to culture the T cells. In most cases, the bioreactor is a plastic dish or culture bag, which requires an operator to manipulate cells and medium. We believe the ideal bioreactor should allow all unit operations to be carried out within a single device in an integrated fashion, thereby overcoming the need for multiple transfer steps typically required for cell expansion, and downstream processing steps such as centrifugation. Additionally, as personalized cell therapies present a scale-out, rather than a scale-up, challenge, the bioreactor and associated equipment should occupy as small a footprint as possible to enable the installation of multiple closed units within a single manufacturing suite. Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors (HFMBR) are ideally suited for this purpose. They are perfusion-based, protect cells from high shear stresses, ensure adequate oxygen transport to cells, aid in achieving high cell density and productivity, reduce media requirement, and allow integration of cell culture with downstream processing; all in a small footprint. Nutrients can be added to, and toxic metabolites can be removed from, HFMBRs in a controllable manner allowing all unit operations associated with the T cell culture to be performed in a single bioreactor, which reduces the number of human interventions and will facilitate the ultimate automation of the manufacturing process.
Study of tissue engineered vascularised oral mucosa-like structures based on ACVM-0.25% HLC-I scaffold in vitro and in vivo
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Minyue Zhou, Xiao Chen, Yanling Qiu, He Chen, Yaoqiang Liu, Yali Hou, Minhai Nie, Xuqian Liu
The realisation of vascularisation in vivo depends on the bioreactor. Bioreactor is a new type of equipment that has appeared in the field of biological engineering in recent years, which was used in many fields due to their diverse functions [26–28]. In this study, the skin of nude mice was used as a bioreactor to simulate human oral mucosa defect, and the HGECs-HGFs-VECs-ACVM-0.25% HLC-I complex was implanted in the skin defect of nude mice to induce the formation of new tissues, so as to explore the feasibility of constructing tissue-engineered vascularised oral mucosa after implantation of the tissue-engineered vascularised tissue complex in vitro. Enhancement experiments in vivo showed that no obvious scar repair was observed at the wound surface of the nude mice in the experimental group after 28 days, and the implanted tissue had a good connection with the surrounding normal skin. The presence of hard tissue of the scaffold could be sensed by pressure, but the scaffold could not be removed by pulling, indicating that the cellular scaffold complex had a good compatibility with the tissue of the nude mice. EDU tracer staining results indicated that the seed cells with epithelioid-like structure, lamina propria-like structure and vascular-like structure were derived from HGECs, HGFs and VEC-like cells cultured in vitro.
Echinacea biotechnology: advances, commercialization and future considerations
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Jessica L. Parsons, Stewart I. Cameron, Cory S. Harris, Myron L. Smith
Among the most important limitations of bioreactors is their capacity for scale up and cost. Biomass production often decreases at larger scales, so strategies such as medium replenishment are employed to improve biomass production and phytochemical content in cultured roots (Wu et al. 2007b). Although culture vessels of up to 75,000 L have been used for suspension culture (Ruffoni et al. 2010), scale-up tests have yet to be carried out with new TIS bioreactors. To date, E. purpurea and E. angustifolia adventitious roots have been cultured in balloon-type bubble bioreactors of up to 500 L and in drum-type bioreactors of up to 1000 L without noticeable adverse effects on growth (Wu et al. 2007a; Ruffoni et al. 2010). Nonetheless, commercial use of bioreactors remains costly and is limited to production of cosmetics and high-value pharmaceuticals such as paclitaxel. Although not yet routinely used in the Echinacea industry, bioreactors are becoming the standard when performing tissue culture at an experimental scale. Bioreactors offer a means of producing standardized plant material at a scale unmatched by field production, and the contained nature of bioreactors allows for the use of specialized media, conditions, elicitors, growth enhancers and year-round production. With a viable and consistent propagation method in hand, the focus now shifts to improving production efficiency, economy and the quality of plant material, in terms of both biomass and phytochemical content.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anaerobic Organism
- Biochemistry
- Cell Culture
- Chemical Reaction
- Stainless Steel
- Tissue
- Aerobic Organism
- Cell
- Tissue Engineering
- Bioprocess Engineering