One Health
Rebecca A. Krimins in Learning from Disease in Pets, 2020
From a One Health perspective, the keeping of livestock in a responsible manner can be accomplished within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),24 and can even help in achieving most of these goals. For example, improving the health of food animals means they more readily gain weight, produce milk (or eggs if we consider chickens), produce healthy offspring, and generally thrive, generating income (SDG 1, no poverty) for the family and a secure source of food (SDG 2, zero hunger). Extra income and food can mean improving family health (SDG 3, good health and well-being) and child education (SDG 4, quality education). Livestock, especially smaller animals, such as pigs, chickens, sheep, and goats, are also important assets for empowering rural women (SDG 5, gender equality), who can earn income that remains under their control and therefore become a more independent contributor to household income and food security.20 Better management and policies surrounding livestock can reduce the zoonotic disease burden, foodborne illnesses, and water contamination and hence the waterborne disease burden (SDG 6, clean water and sanitation). Biofuel derived from manure fermentation can be used to bring clean fuel to those without and replace dirty, polluting solid forms of fuel such as wood, coal, or charcoal (SDG 7, affordable and clean energy). We could go on with the remaining eight goals, but the line of evidence and the positive trends in fulfilling the SDGs by 2030 continue.24
Nutraceutical Aspects of Microalgae
Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati in Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
In their life cycle, microalgae take up CO2, water and other nutrients to produce oxygen, biomass and metabolites while converting solar energy to chemical energy (Adeniyi et al. 2018; Pires 2017). Besides contributing to the buildup of oxygen in the environment, they are of importance because of their ability to produce lipids. The most notable feature of the oil they produce is its potential for conversion into different types of biofuels (Adeniyi et al. 2018) like bioethanol, biohydrogen, biomethanol, biodiesel and biogas (Koutra et al. 2018; Pires 2017). The huge potential of microalgae to tolerate high CO2 concentration and produce oil approximately 60% offers valuable, sustainable and renewable fuel resource yet to be tapped economically (Adeniyi et al. 2018; NASA 2018;Rizwan et al. 2018,). However, the fuel produced by algal lipids has combustion properties that meet the needs of a range of applications, and it is thus a potential energy source at the International Space Station (ISS) (Adeniyi et al. 2018; https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/1810.html, 29.06.2018). In addition to the advantage as food and fuel is also its potential as an agent to produce potable water using the waste generated by humans (Adeniyi et al. 2018). In this chapter, we will focus on the potential utility of algae as space food for space missions and habitation.
The Implications of Land Grabs and Biofuel Expansion for Food and Nutrition Security in Developing Countries
Bill Pritchard, Rodomiro Ortiz, Meera Shekar in Routledge Handbook of Food and Nutrition Security, 2016
Less well-documented is the impact of biofuel production on local food production or food security in low-income countries (LICs). Some academics and development practitioners are concerned that producers will switch land, labour, water or other factors of production to biofuel production or divert existing food crop output to use as biofuel feedstock (HLPE 2013). Destination LICs for biofuels projects tend to have large agriculture-dependent populations and low food security (Anseeuw et al. 2012; von Braun and Meinzen-Dick 2009). Seventy-three per cent of investment has been made in countries where agriculture accounts for more than 5 per cent of GDP and where hunger is a serious or alarming problem (Anseeuw et al. 2012). On the other hand, others argue that increased demand for sustainable biofuels will encourage investment in agricultural production and there could be synergies between biofuel and food production by bringing investment into relatively undeveloped areas with poor access to input and output markets (e.g., UN-Energy 2007).
Gene expression changes in rat brain regions after 7- and 28 days inhalation exposure to exhaust emissions from 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel fuels - The FuelHealth project
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2018
Renate Valand, Pål Magnusson, Katarzyna Dziendzikowska, Malgorzata Gajewska, Jacek Wilczak, Michał Oczkowski, Dariusz Kamola, Tomasz Królikowski, Marcin Kruszewski, Anna Lankoff, Remigiusz Mruk, Dag Marcus Eide, Rafał Sapierzyński, Joanna Gromadzka-Ostrowska, Nur Duale, Johan Øvrevik, Oddvar Myhre
Traffic-related air pollution is a major contributor to global air pollution (Ghio et al., 2012), and consists of a complex mixture of particulate matter (PM), gases, trace metals and adsorbed organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Due to the threat of global warming there has been a focus on increasing the use of renewable biofuels. Although neat biodiesel and biodiesel blends with fossil diesel fuels are currently used only in low amounts in Europe (Flach et al., 2017), plans have been proposed to increase the share of biofuels considerably in the near future. According to the newest EU Directive 2015/1513, all EU countries must achieve at least 20% share of renewable energy in the overall energy consumption by 2020, including at least 10% share in transport fuels (Bourguignon, 2015). Current European standards for mineral diesel fuels (EN590) allows up to 7% of biodiesel from fatty acid methyl esters (FAME; 1st generation biodiesels) blended with conventional mineral diesel fuels (B7). First-generation biodiesels (FAME) are based on feedstocks, such as rapeseed, sunflower and soybean oil. These feedstocks, however do compete with food production. 2nd generation biodiesels, like hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), which can be made from alternative non-food oils such as algae oil and waste from animal fats (Aatola et al., 2008) bypass any such problems and have therefore been promoted by the EU (Bourguignon, 2015).
Ethanol production from cassava starch by protoplast fusants of Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Galactomyces candidum
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Tolulope Modupe Adeleye, Sharafadeen Olateju Kareem, Mobolaji O. Bankole, Olusegun Atanda, Abideen I. Adeogun
In the chemical industry, ethanol has become the most widely used organic solvent [1]. It is equally an important product of the alcohol beverage industry and is one of the fastest growing fuel sources in the world [2]. The global interest in the use of ethanol as an alternative source of energy is increasing due to the inevitable depletion of global energy supply from sources such as fossil fuel, petroleum and coal [3–6]. In addition to the aforementioned, the global climate change, the increase in oil prices and the need for energy independence and security also invigorate this worldwide interest in ethanol as a biofuel [7]. Biofuels such as bio-ethanol offer more advantages than fossil fuels since they provide renewable and sustainable sources of energy [8]. Among the potential biofuels, commercial production of ethanol is already ongoing in many countries where it is used as an octane enhancer in combination with gasoline mixed in various ratios to produce gasohol.
Microbially-derived cocktail of carbohydrases as an anti-biofouling agents: a ‘green approach’
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Harmanpreet Kaur, Arashdeep Kaur, Sanjeev Kumar Soni, Praveen Rishi
Cellulose, the most abundant natural biopolymer, is degraded by cellulases with β-1,4 glycoside hydrolytic activity. The cellulose plays a structural role in biofilms, provides strength, and aids in attachment, adherence, and subsequent substrate colonization (Augimeri et al. 2015). The complete degradation of cellulose requires the synergistic action of 3 kinds of cellulases, namely: (i) endoglucanases, (ii) exoglucanases, and (iii) β-glucosidases. The organisms producing cellulases are diverse, including a broad range of bacteria, fungi, and yeast (Acharya and Chaudhary 2012; Behera et al. 2017). The potential use of microbial cellulases in various industries such as the textile industry, pulp, and paper industry, brewing industry, feed and food processing industry, as well as the use of enzymes as additives in detergents have achieved global recognition (Karmakar and Ray 2011; Zhang and Zhang 2013). Moreover, the application of cellulases in biofuel production from agro-industrial waste, such as spent grain from brewers, fruit waste from citrus fruits, sugar cane bagasse, sludge, as well as municipal solid waste and kitchen waste, has become overwhelmingly important. The economic production of value-added products from lignocellulosic waste represents an exciting research area for academic and industrial research groups (Bansal et al. 2012; Rana et al. 2013).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Alcohol
- Biodiesel
- Cellulose
- Climate Change Mitigation
- Gasoline
- Starch
- Carbohydrate
- Ethanol Fermentation
- Sugar
- Maize