Bio-Ceramics for Tissue Engineering
Naznin Sultana, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Chin Fhong Soon in Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration, 2020
Biomaterials are very important in biomedical applications for replacement, construction and repairing hard tissue and soft tissue purposes. Biomaterials can be classified into biometal, bioceramic, biopolymer and biocomposite. Bioceramics have got more attention for bone reconstruction and as an implant especially for hard tissue (bone). The properties of bioceramics were altered depending the specific application in the human body. It can be in various form and structure such as porous, dense and combination of them. In this chapter, metal oxide ceramic (gel oxidation of titanium, i.e. TiO2), glass ceramic (Bioactive glass) and ceramic (hydroxyapatite) were discussed in association with bioactive properties and reaction with the natural bone. In vitro testing (simulated body fluid (SBF) and cultured cell (osteoblast)) were performed to study the bioactive properties and prediction of in vivo reaction of bioceramics. The preparation, mechanism and biological reactions are investigated and analysed to get the information for potential use in biomedical applications. The analysed results from the in vitro testing show the suitability of bioceramics (bioactive) for substituting or repairing hard tissue (bone).
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery in Regenerative Medicine
Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan in Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Lee et al. developed a composite of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly (styrene sulphonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and GO/rGO and investigated its performance as a biocompatible neural interface (Lee et al. 2019). The nanocomposite electrodes were not toxic to PC12 neural cells. Also, gene expression for the production of GAP-43 and synapsin on the surface of PEDOT:PSS/GO or PEDOT:PSS/rGO was significantly higher than that of PEDOT. Better cellular communication through the conductive matrix of the nanocomposite could be responsible for more increased intracellular signalling. The authors proposed that the graphene-based microelectrode could potentially be employed as an implantable neural electrode. The electrical conductivity of graphene-based nanomaterials is enticing in other aspects of neural tissue regeneration, including the on-demand release of macromolecular therapeutics. In this regard, Magaz et al. developed a hybrid biocomposite of silkworm fibroin and rGO that was loaded with nerve growth factor-β (NGF-β) (Magaz et al. 2020). Upon application of a pulsatile electrical stimulus, the growth factor was released over a ten-day period. The authors proposed that hybrid biocomposite might be suitable for the design of personalised scaffolds.
From Conventional Approaches to Sol-gel Chemistry and Strategies for the Design of 3D Additive Manufactured Scaffolds for Craniofacial Tissue Engineering
Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez in Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Generally, neat synthetic polymers also do not properly satisfy the mechanical requirements for bone tissue engineering due to their flexibility and weakness. Thus, polymer-based ‘biocomposites’, consisting of biopolymers reinforced with inorganic fillers, have been considered an intriguing alternative for hard-tissue engineering.
A promising technology for wound healing; in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of chitosan nano-biocomposite films containing gentamicin
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Hossein Asgarirad, Pedram Ebrahimnejad, Mohammad Ali Mahjoub, Mohammad Jalalian, Hamed Morad, Ramin Ataee, Seyyedeh Saba Hosseini, Ali Farmoudeh
Body skin is a vital organ in maintaining homeostasis and the most important barrier against the penetration of microorganisms. Extensive damage to this tissue can endanger a person’s life. The skin healing process involves four steps, including haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling of the tissues (Farmoudeh et al. 2020). Many Pharmaceutical researchers have focussed their studies on developing new drug delivery systems to accelerate skin repair. In this regard, polymeric biocomposites have received much attention (Ahmed and Ikram 2016, Suarato et al.2018). On the other hand, in recent decades, drug nanoparticle (NP) preparation has created a new way to increase the penetration of drugs into tissues and targeted drug delivery (Mir and Ebrahimnejad 2014, Jafari et al. 2016). By preparing drug NPs and loading them in biocomposites, it is possible to prepare a new drug delivery system with the benefits of both (Nam et al. 2016, Hasan et al. 2018, Sadeghi Ghadi and Ebrahimnejad 2019).
The era of biofunctional biomaterials in orthopedics: what does the future hold?
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Mubashar Rehman, Asadullah Madni, Thomas J. Webster
Biocomposite materials are composed of two or more biofunctional materials of different classes. Generally, biocomposites contain at least one biodegradable matrix or fiber. Biocomposites provide flexibility to match both mechanical properties and the structure of living materials. Plaster of Paris was the first biocomposite material used in orthopedic applications. Then, biocomposites for internal use were prepared from PE and carbon fibers but their use has been limited to shedding of carbon fibers [73]. Bone is a type of biocomposite in which CaP is contained in a highly organized collagen matrix. Therefore, research has been focused on forming biocomposites of a biofunctional ceramic and a biodegradable polymer. Biofunctional ceramics are responsible for bioactivity, so their ratio is critical to the efficacy of the biocomposite. Too little bioceramic may show negligible bioactivity whereas too high amounts of bioceramics may result in a brittle product [74]. For example, complex shaped Ti screws were coated with bioglass by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering method. The bioglass coating resulted in the strong adhesion and proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells without differentiation [75]. In another study, niobium rods with a zirconia coating showed comparable biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties compared to pure niobium rods. After implantation in New Zealand white rabbits, zirconia/niobium rods showed greater osteoconductive activity and newly formed bone was visible in contact with implants after 6 months [76]. Some, but not all, biofunctional polymers exhibit bonding with the bone, such as collagen. On the other hand, some other biofunctional materials do not bond with the bone, such as PEs and PEEK, and have benefitted from biocomposite technology. PEEK coated with HA has shown bone bonding in different studies and may improve the performance of PEEK-only orthopedic devices [77]. Similarly, PEEK containing calcium silicate or titanium oxide powders showed an ability to precipitate a HA layer on its surface [78,79]. PMMA cements are widely used in orthopedic procedures but their long-term success rate is low due to implant loosening. The loosening of implants is due to a lack of bonding with bone which can be improved by preparing biocomposites with suitable ceramic materials [80]. The PMMA-HA composite implants implanted in the femurs of sheep showed significantly higher fatigue life than PMMA implants. The higher fatigue life was due to mechanical properties similar to the cancellous bone due to integration of the composite with bone [81]. Finally, biocomposites have been used for drug delivery to alter or modulate biological function or to prevent chances of infection [82].