Evaluation of Specific Classes of Chemical
David Woolley, Adam Woolley in Practical Toxicology, 2017
This simple term covers a vast range of products that can be as simple as a walking stick, as complex as a cardiac pacemaker, or as mundane as a tongue depressor. While medical devices are classified, for regulatory purposes, according to the general level of risk associated with them, for toxicology purposes, they are classifiable by the extent to which they come into contact with the body. A device that will be implanted chronically requires more extensive evaluation than a temporary catheter or a needle and syringe for collecting a blood sample. The extent and duration of contact drive the testing and evaluation program that is required. The toxicity of medical devices is related to a number of aspects of their composition, as is the wider concept of biocompatibility, which relates to how they react with the tissues or fluids that come into contact with them. Biocompatibility can be defined as the ability of a biomaterial to promote a desirable tissue interaction. Since both the nature of the tissue and the response desired vary from case to case, it is a highly application-specific concept. Further layers of complexity are added when the medical device elutes a drug substance or contains an active power source (an active medical device).
Toward Selectively Toxic Silver Nanoparticles
Huiliang Cao in Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Devices, 2017
Accordingly, biocompatibility should be considered as therapy dependent. The fundamental situation is that biocompatibility is a characteristic of a specific material–biological system and not a property of a material (Williams 2008). The crucial thing to fully understand biocompatibility is to determine which chemical/biochemical, physical/physiological or other mechanisms become operative under a highly specific condition associated with the interactions between biomaterials and the tissues of the body, and what are the consequences of these events (Williams 2008). It should be noted that a material may affect different biological systems in different manners, and it may be time-dependently conditioned after contact and interaction with the tissues. These facts make it crystal clear that ‘there is no material with ubiquitous biocompatibility characteristics and no such things as a uniquely biocompatible material’, and it is essential to clearly interpret the specific application of a material when discussing biocompatibility (Williams 2014).
Three-Dimensional Printing: Future of Pharmaceutical Industry
Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan in Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
A number of methods for 3D printing has been developed and differentiated depending on their working principle. It is concluded that the additive manufacturing technique is a revolutionary force in the pharmaceutical industry as it has no limit to give solutions for our problems. It is a ground-breaking technology and maturation is still going on. The application of innovative technology is becoming a hope for implantation, use of biomaterial in repairment of tissues, loading multidrug in single device, and personalised drug delivery. 3D printing is changing our world day by day. People can live a longer life by the development of this medical technique. 3D printing is facing a burden of challenges of regulation for development, design, safety, and sterilisation. In short, 3D printing can be named as ‘a solution to all problems’.
Bioactive molecule carrier systems in endodontics
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Anil Kishen, Hebatullah Hussein
The controlled release of BM is accomplished by using different carrier biomaterial-based systems [23–25]. The biomaterial used as a carrier system should ideally be biocompatible. Polymeric substrate has been used as the biomaterial of choice for BM-carrier systems. In endodontics, dentin-pulp tissue repair/regeneration is accomplished by orchestrated efforts of cells, BM, and ECM resulting in migration, adherence, proliferation, and differentiation of stem/progenitor cells for desired neotissue formation [1,23,26]. Several BM are sequestered within the dentin matrix, which under appropriate environment are capable of modulating tissue responses [27–29]. Demineralization of dentin due to microbial (caries processes) or iatrogenic procedures (acid etching and restorative procedures/materials) factors may release these sequestered BM [30]. Recently, the role of these BM released from the dentin matrix and their role in many events involved in reparative or regenerative processes in endodontics has been a topic of interest [31–36]. A recent study by Bakhtiar et al. developed and characterized an atelopeptidized treated dentin matrix xenograft for dentin-pulp tissue engineering using in vitro and in vivo models. Atelopeptidization of 1-day demineralized dentin xenograft showed adequate regenerative potential with preserved collagen structure and reduced inflammatory response [37]. This review is aimed to provide an update on the BACS for delivery of bioactive molecules applied in dentin-pulp tissue engineering.
Comparative study of different polymeric coatings for the next-generation magnesium-based biodegradable stents
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Gholamreza Ahmadi Lakalayeh, Mostafa Rahvar, Esmaeil Haririan, Roya Karimi, Hossein Ghanbari
For a biocompatible material, in addition to cell toxicity level, cell adhesion property is of high importance. The latter property can lead to better endothelialization process which is necessary in stent application. HUVEC with density of 103 cell/cm3 overlaid on the surfaces of the samples and cell attachment was evaluated by means of DAPI staining after 24 h. Obtained images by fluorescent microscopy showed the adherence of cells on sample surfaces. Surface hydrophobicity of samples was 18, 74, 65 and 68 for uncoated, PLA-coated, PLGA-coated and PCL-coated samples, respectively. The wettability of the surfaces was ranging from very hydrophilic one (bare alloy) to moderately hydrophobic surface of PLA-coated samples. In some studies, it was observed that moderately hydrophilic surfaces between 30° and 50°showed desirable cell adherent property [36–38]. However, in this experiment the acquired images showed that this range of hydrophobicity had no adverse effect on cell attachments and cell adhesion performed properly. It should be noted that quantitative analysis is required to compare cell adherence on samples, which was not part of this study.
Niosomal formulation for antibacterial applications
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Mehrnoush Mehrarya, Behnaz Gharehchelou, Samin Haghighi Poodeh, Elham Jamshidifar, Sara Karimifard, Bahareh Farasati Far, Iman Akbarzadeh, Alexander Seifalian
Nanoscience is amalgamated to various medical fields research also revolutionised dental science. Implantation in dentistry, which is used worldwide to treat various edentulous, is placing a metal post that replaced the root section of a missing tooth [24]. Dental implants are typically made of a biocompatible material such as titanium. Despite that using dental implants is predicted to have a high success level; failures occur. Biomaterial-associated infection, which is prone to infections, has not been well examined, and it is a pressing problem. Implant-related chronic infections are caused by groups of specific microorganisms that can grow on the surface of implants as biofilms. Furthermore, when inappropriately treated, implant-associated infections have caused serious problems, such as implant loosening and implant removal, leading to bone loss in and around the implant and, in some cases, morbidity and mortality [91].
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