Biotransformation of Sesquiterpenoids, Ionones, Damascones, Adamantanes, and Aromatic Compounds by Green Algae, Fungi, and Mammals
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata IAMC-28 (Figure 23.1) was inoculated and cultivated while stationary under illumination in Noro medium MgCl2·6H2O (1.5 g), MgSO4·7H2O (0.5 g), KCl (0.2 g), CaCl2·2H2O (0.2 g), KNO3 (1.0 g), NaHCO3 (0.43 g), TRIS (2.45 g), K2HPO4 (0.045 g), Fe-EDTA (3.64 mg), EDTA-2Na (1.89 mg), ZnSO4·7H2O (1.5 g), H3BO2 (0.61 mg), CoCl2·6H2O (0.015 mg), CuSO4·5H2O (0.06 mg), MnCl2·4H2O (0.23 mg), and (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O (0.38 mg), in distilled H2O 1 L (pH 8.0). Czapek-peptone medium (1.5% sucrose, 1.5% glucose, 0.5% polypeptone, 0.1% K2HPO4, 0.05% MgSO4·7H2O, 0.05% KCl, and 0.001% FeSO4·7H2O, in distilled water [pH 7.0]) was used for the biotransformation of substrate by microorganism. Aspergillus niger was isolated in our laboratories from soil in Osaka prefecture and was identified according to its physiological and morphological characters.
Marine-Derived Aspergillus
Se-Kwon Kim in Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Aspergillus is well known for both their positive and negative sides. The positive role that Aspergillus species plays is a predominant role in the production of enzymes, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food fermentation, and drug discovery. For instance, in East Asia, Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger are widely used for fermenting food and producing amylase, pectinases, and citric acid enzymes. Koji molds, which are nothing but Aspergillus oryzae, have been used for making alcoholic beverages, vinegar, soybean pastes, and soy sauce. On the other hand, the negative part of this species results from its extremely harmful toxicity if consumed; it may even cause liver failure. Toxin-secreting Aspergillus species, such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, ooze mycotoxin aflatoxins that are well known for their contamination of plant-synthesized feeds and foods. The intake of mycotoxin aflatoxin–contaminated food causes liver necrosis, liver cancer, and aflatoxicosis (Wang et al. 2018).
Pattern of Fungal Infections in Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM)
Cut Adeya Adella in Stem Cell Oncology, 2018
The likelihood of this is due to the type of fungus that often grows in the ear, when conditions that support the influence of fungal infection become opportunistic. One theory states that Aspergillus and Candida are the opportunistic fungi. Pradhan’s (2003) findings in his study in India suggest the most common types of Aspergillus sp. were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. Candida albicans is another fungal cause of ear infections that are endogenous microorganisms that often interfere with the gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract (Levinson, 2008; Pradhan et al., 2003).
Structure activity evaluation and computational analysis identify potent, novel 3-benzylidene chroman-4-one analogs with anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer activities
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Gaffar Sarwar Zaman, Hossam Kamli, Suresh Radhakrishnan, Irfan Ahmad, Hassan Otifi, Mohamad Y. Alshahrani, Prasanna Rajagopalan
Fungi remains as the most common cause of plant diseases. Their widespread natureness are destructive to both plants and humans [6]. Aspergillus niger is a saprophyte usually occurring in dead and decays of plant materials [7]. A. niger has been sown to cause asthma, allergy, and aspergillosis [8]. Aspergillus flavus is an ubiquitous fungus associated with trauma-associated keratitis in agricultural workers [9]. This notorious form of microorganism is also familiarized to colonize in contaminated food/food crops with the carcinogenic mycotoxin and aflatoxin [10]. Due to this dual pathogenicity, A. flavus is shown to cause disease in both animals and plants, thereby exacerbating the importance of this microorganism as an opportunistic pathogen. B. cinerea is considered as a thoughtful global problem, since it causes high losses in pre and post-harvest fresh fruit crops. Economic losses due to Botrytis infection make it one of the focused pathogen representing a growing burden for the agricultural industry [11]. On the other hand, cancer remains as a dreadful disease which proves fatal if unmanaged. Till date, chemotherapy remains as a primary choice to improve survival rates and stop cancer proliferation/metastasis. However, toxicity and resistance issues often resist the use of these drugs in managing cancers [12]. Attempts are made to overcome toxicity and resistance by identifying small molecules that share analogs of plant products, for reasons of less toxicity and high efficacy [13].
Pollution characteristics and noncarcinogenic risk assessment of fungal bioaerosol in different processing units of waste paper and cardboard recycling factory
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Abbas Norouzian Baghani, Armin Sorooshian, Mahdieh Delikhoon, Ramin Nabizadeh, Shahrokh Nazmara, Rounak Bakhtiari
This was the first study of the nature of bioaerosols and health risk assessment in the workers of a WPCRF in the capital of Iran (Tehran). The results provided a detailed picture of the concentration profile of different fungi in different processing units of the WPCRF in the winter. The findings showed significant concentrations of bioaerosols in the air of the WPCRF. In particular, the manual separation route one and conveyor belt produced high levels of bioaerosols. Furthermore, a high frequency of fungal species in the air of all operational units in the WPCRF, including Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus niger, Alternaria sp., and Rhizopus sp., indicated that the health of the WPCRF workers that stayed inside the WPCRF for a long time might be at risk. The LADDinhalation in processing units ranged from 1.49 × 10−3 to 7.8 × 10−3 CFU (kg.d)−1, while the LADDdermal ranged from 2.74 × 10−6 to 6.29 × 10−6 CFU (kg.d)−1. The HQ and HI of bioaerosols were less than one, indicating “an acceptable hazard”. Although the numerical value of HQ and HI of bioaerosols were less than 1 and within an “acceptable level”, this study highlights the importance of decreasing fungal emissions in WPCRFs, designing proper ventilation and air conditioning systems, and using PPE such as N95 respirator masks, safety goggles, and gloves for reducing hazards.
Fungal Keratitis in the Egyptian Delta: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Microbiological Diagnosis
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Nashwa Sadik, Sara Mohamed Elzeiny, Yasmine Emad Ali, Doaa Sobeih
Among the fungal strains detected in corneal culture, filamentary fungi were the most common with Aspergillus fungal growth in 70.2% specimens. Of the Aspergillus fungal growth detected, 71.6% of them were proved Aspergillus niger. This was followed by Dematiceous fungi found in 14.6% of culture samples. Penicillium was found in 7%, Mucor in 6.4% and Candida species were found in 4.6% of the patients. Other fungal strains were detected in the remaining 5% of cases including two Fusarium cases (1.2%), shown in Table 1. Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the main bacterial strains detected in mixed bacterial strains group as shown in Table 2.
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