Intelligent Algorithms for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Abdel-Badeeh M. Salem in Innovative Smart Healthcare and Bio-Medical Systems, 2020
SA is one of the most popular and earliest optimization algorithms that is a global optimization random search technique. It imitates the annealing process in the processing of materials when a metal cools and freezes in a crystalline state with minimal energy and larger crystal sizes to reduce the deficiencies in metallic structures. The method of annealing requires careful temperature control and its cooling rate, also referred to as the anneval plan. The SA algorithm’s basic idea is to use random search as a Markov chain, which not only embraces changes that improve the objective function but also holds changes that are not ideal. For example, any improved movements or changes that decrease the value of the objective function (f) will be accepted in a minimization problem [90].
Postprocessing of Dialysis Membranes
Sirshendu De, Anirban Roy in Hemodialysis Membranes, 2017
Engineers have resorted to annealing as a posttreatment methodology for membranes. However, a detailed study and investigations of such methodologies are not adequately reported. The temperature for the wet heating process was 90°C and for dry heating was 150°C as per previous reports.18,12 However, this can be explained on the basis of basic annealing principles. Annealing is carried out to remove stress from the material and offer a homogenous structure. The melting point of PSf is 180°C–190°C, and wet heating at 90°C helps the polymeric chains in the membrane matrix attain a minimum Gibbs free energy, stable configuration. This causes a decrease in surface roughness as observed in AFM images (Figure 6.6). For dry heating, there is a rapid exchange of solvent and drying up of membranes, since PSf is primarily a hydrophobic polymer. Hence, it causes shrinkage of polymeric chains, leading to cracks on the surfaces (as seen from SEM images, Figure 6.13).
Titania Nanotubes as Silver Nanoparticle Carriers to Prevent Implant-Associated Infection
Huiliang Cao in Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Devices, 2017
The biological properties of TiO2 NTs have been extensively studied in the past several years. However, their mechanical and chemical stability is frequently overlooked although it is crucial to clinical applications. In particular, their poor adhesion on metallic substrates because of the presence of an F-rich layer (FRL) is a concern. Annealing has been reported to alter the interfacial chemistry and improve adhesion (Schmidt-Stein et al. 2010; Xiong et al. 2011). As previously reported, burying the FRL by additional anodisation in an F-free electrolyte may be promising (Yu et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2012). Another concern is the poor mechanical strength that may manifest as brittle fracture of the tube apexes during storage, transportation or surgical operation. There is still no good solution to overcome the hurdle. Wang et al. (2011a) have reported that after the as-anodised amorphous TiO2 NTs are immersed in water at room temperature, they spontaneously transform to anatase mesoporous nanowires. Since the human body is a water-rich environment, the use of amorphous TiO2 NTs as implant coatings should be carefully considered. Nevertheless, another study has shown that the amorphous TiO2 NTs can preserve the geometry even after long-term in vivo implantation (von Wilmowsky et al. 2009), suggesting that organic and inorganic species in the aqueous medium may affect the transformation.
Multicomponent crystals of gliclazide and tromethamine: preparation, physico-chemical, and pharmaceutical characterization*
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Giovanna Bruni, Vittorio Berbenni, Lauretta Maggi, Piercarlo Mustarelli, Valeria Friuli, Chiara Ferrara, Francesca Pardi, Federica Castagna, Alessandro Girella, Chiara Milanese, Amedeo Marini
The DSC traces of the pure components, GTpm and GTkn, are shown in Figure 1. Gliclazide melts at an onset temperature (Tonset) of 167.30 ± 0.10 °C with an enthalpy change of 127.23 ± 1.50 J g−1 (curve a). Tromethamine shows two endothermic peaks: according to literature [12] the first one at 132.53 ± 0.38 °C (ΔH = 265.79 ± 0.14 J g−1) is caused by a polymorphic transition, while the second one at 169.76 ± 0.20 °C (ΔH = 25.34 ± 0.38 J g−1) corresponds to the melting of the polymorph just obtained (curve d). In the DSC curve of the physical mixture a quite complex endothermic effect is present (curve b). It opens at about 110 °C with a broad peak on which a narrow peak arises which ends at about 140 °C. A new single melting peak could not be obtained annealing the physical mixture which could be referred to melting of a new pure solid phase. The sample GTkn shows just a single endothermic peak at 139.62 ± 0.32 °C (ΔH = 132.44 ± 0.59 J g−1), that is at a temperature lower than melting of both pure components (curve c). Usually the appearance of a melting peak in the temperature range included between the melting temperatures of pure components is considered as proof of the occurred cocrystal formation while the presence of a peak below the melting temperature of both pure components is considered the melting of the eutectic mixture [14]. However, in our case this rule is not relevant since gliclazide and tromethamine melt at very close temperatures (167.3 and 169.8 °C, respectively).
2-Aminoimidazoles as potent inhibitors of contaminating brewery biofilms
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Lene Jacobs, Jolien Meesters, Ilse Parijs, Geert Hooyberghs, Erik V. Van der Eycken, Bram Lories, Hans P. Steenackers
For bacterial species, 5 µl of the colony suspensionwere used to amplify the 16S rRNA gene through PCR using Taq DNA polymerase (Life Technologies) with primers BSF8/20 and BSR1541/20 (Cai et al. 2003). The following PCR program was used (PCR method 1): 96 °C for 6 min, 35 cycles of (i) denaturation at 96 °C for 1 min, (ii) annealing at 47.5 °C for 1 min, and (iii) elongation at 72 °C for 90 s, and a final elongation at 72 °C for 6 min. After gel electrophoresis, the band at 1500 base pairs (bp) was cut out and the DNA was extracted by using the GenElute™ Gel Extraction Kit (Sigma-Aldrich). Sanger sequencing was performed on the extracted DNA using primer BSF8/20 (GATC Biotech or Eurofins). When no successful sequencing results were achieved, the annealing temperature was adjusted to 53 °C (PCR method 2) or 55 °C (PCR method 3). If the adjusted protocol still did not render successful results, another primer set and method were used. Here, primers pA and pD were used in combination with the Q5 DNA polymerase (BIOKÉ) (Priha et al. 2016). The following PCR program was used (PCR method 4): 98 °C for 6 min, 35 cycles of (i) denaturation at 98 °C for 30 s, (ii) annealing at 52.3 °C for 30 s, and (iii) elongation at 72 °C for 25 s, and a final elongation at 72 °C for 6 min. The resulting PCR product was 500 bp long. Both primers were used separately to perform Sanger sequencing after extraction.
Design and evaluation of chrysin-loaded nanoemulsion against lithium/pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats; emphasis on formulation, neuronal excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, microglia polarization, and AMPK/SIRT-1/PGC-1α pathway
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Mina Y. George, Marwa O. El-Derany, Yasmine Ahmed, Malvina Zaher, Caroline Ibrahim, Habiba Waleed, Hajar Khaled, Gehad Khaled, Ahmed Saleh, Huda Alshafei, Rahma Alshafei, Nirmeen Ahmed, Sara Ezz, Nouran Ashraf, Shaimaa S. Ibrahim
RNA was isolated from samples using Trizole and Qiagen RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, USA). RNA concentration was verified with Nanodrop (ND-1000 USA). RNA (1 µg) was converted to cDNA using high capacity cDNA Synthesis Kit (Thermo Scientific co., USA). To determine relative gene expressions, qRT-PCR was performed using SYBR® Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) with an ABI 7500 RT-PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Denaturation was performed for 10 min at 95°C and 40 cycles at 95°C for 15 sec. Afterward, 1 min of annealing at 54–58°C was conducted. Melting curve analysis was performed (60°C up to 95°C) with gradual 0.5°C elevation every 10s to check for nonspecific products. The following primers’ sequences were used; Arg-1 sense primer 5′-CCG-CAG-CAT-TAA-GGA-AAG-C-3′ and the corresponding antisense primer 5′-CCC-GTG-GTC-TCT-CAC-ATT-G-3′, CD206 sense primer 5′-ACT-GCG-TGG-TGA-TGA-AAG-G-3′ and the corresponding antisense primer 5′-TAA-CCC-AGT-GGT-TGC-TCA-CA-3′, IL-6 sense primer 5′-CCG-GAG-AGG-AGACTT-CAC-AG-3′ and the corresponding antisense primer 5′-CAG-AAT-TGC-CAT-TGC-ACA-AC-3′, CCL3 sense primer 5′-CAT-GGC-GCT-CTG-GAA-CGA-A-3′ and the corresponding antisense primer 5′-TGC-CGT-CCA-TAG-GAG-AAG-CA-3′, and β-actin sense primer 5′- TGTCACCAACTGGGACGATA-3′ and the corresponding antisense primer 5′- GGGGTGTTGAAGGTCTCAAA-3′. All the primers were purchased from Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Relative mRNA expression was obtained after normalizing to control group and β-actin by using 2−∆∆Ct threshold cycle method.
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