Writing Chemical Equations
Patrick E. McMahon, Rosemary F. McMahon, Bohdan B. Khomtchouk in Survival Guide to General Chemistry, 2019
Write balanced equations based on the following descriptions: Sulfur dioxide gas reacts with oxygen gas to form sulfur trioxide gas.Calcium oxide solid plus water forms calcium hydroxide solid.Calcium carbonate solid decomposes to form calcium oxide solid plus carbon dioxide gas.Chromium (II) oxide solid is converted to chromium metal plus oxygen gas.Cobalt (II) nitrate in an aqueous solution plus sodium phosphate in an aqueous solution forms cobalt (II) phosphate solid plus sodium nitrate in an aqueous solution.Gold (III) chloride solid reacts with iron metal to form gold metal plus iron (III) chloride solid.Aluminum hydroxide solid decomposes to form aluminum oxide solid plus water.Lead (II) acetate in an aqueous solution reacts with potassium sulfate in an aqueous solution to form lead (II) sulfate solid plus potassium acetate in an aqueous solution.
Nanocarrier Technologies for Enhancing the Solubility and Dissolution Rate of Api
Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Sanjay Kumar Bharti in Medicinal Chemistry with Pharmaceutical Product Development, 2019
Park et al. proved that all aluminum oxide nanoparticles (AIONPs) viz. γ-AlONPs, α-AlONPs, and γ-AlOHNPs possess low stability within biological systems. Within these three, γ-AlOHNPs have higher toxicity and accumulation in comparison with γ-AlONPs and α-AlONPs. Their study concluded that the presence of hydroxyl group play an important factor in the determination of the distribution and toxicity of spherical AlONPs. In accordance with acute oral toxicity studies (OECD 2001 guideline), Balasubramanyam et al. (2009) studied aluminum oxide nanomaterial (Al2O3-NM) toxicity after oral administration of doses higher than possible exposure. They had administered 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg doses of Al2O3-NMs of particle size 30 nm, 40 nm and bulk material in Wistar rats. The similar level of significant oxidative stress was noticed for both nanomaterials in a dose dependent manner in comparison with bulk Al2O3. They concluded this oxidative stress was due to alteration in the antioxidant status of the cell [253].
Inorganic Chemical Pollutants
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel in Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
Aluminum oxide, or alumina, appears mainly in the form of particulates in the air, and mainly china and pottery workers, bauxite mining workers, and aluminum refining workers are exposed to alumina fumes. Alumina particles of the size of 2 μm may be highly fibrogenic. The TLV value for aluminum oxide is 10 mg/m3.901 Other contaminations can come from heaters, cooking wares, antacids, public drinking water, and deodorants. There are also some food additives containing aluminum. These are sodium aluminum phosphates, aluminum sulfates, alums for pickling agents, and aluminum silicates used as anticaking agents and in chewing gums.
Aluminum oxide nanoparticles mediated toxicity, loss of appendages in progeny of Drosophila melanogaster on chronic exposure
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Avnika Singh Anand, Urmila Gahlot, Dipti N. Prasad, Ekta Kohli
Aluminum is the third most abundant metal, consisting about 8% of the earth crust, however, concerns have risen regarding aluminum induced toxicity since its effect as a neurotoxin was reported by Doelken (Doelken 1898; Wu et al. 2012). The fibrous form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is considered as toxin under the Environmental Protection Agency’s Toxics Release Inventory list. Aluminum nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) are at prime concern for its safer use by the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (Park et al. 2016). In the current scenario, the safety of these particles is still debatable. Though Al2O3 NPs are considered less toxic in comparison to other nanoparticles there are several reports highlighting its toxic effect on biological models. Neurodevelopmental toxicity in the offspring of mice was caused on exposure to Al2O3 NPs (Zhang et al. 2018). Manufactured Al2O3 NPs might posses’ ability to induce cytotoxicity and can be carcinogenic and mutagenic because of the nano size and large surface area which increase their interaction with biological entities. NPs can cross the biological barriers and accumulate in various organs causing neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity and developmental toxicity. Al2O3 NPs are known to stimulate ROS causing further deterioration of DNA, proteins, lipids and faster apoptosis (M'rad et al. 2018).
Phase I and phase II metabolism simulation of antitumor-active 2-hydroxyacridinone with electrochemistry coupled on-line with mass spectrometry
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Agnieszka Potęga, Dorota Garwolińska, Anna M. Nowicka, Michał Fau, Agata Kot-Wasik, Zofia Mazerska
An acridinone derivative, a 2-hydroxyacridinone (2-OH-AC) was synthesized in our laboratory according to the method described earlier (Acheson, 1973). The following chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO): N-acetylcysteine (NAC), dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4), disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4), formic acid (HCOOH), L-glutathione reduced (GSH), monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4), monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4) and semicarbazide hydrochloride. Methanol (gradient grade for liquid chromatography) and β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate tetrasodium salt (β-NADPH) were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Ammonium formate (HCOONH4) was ordered from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) powder in form of 1-µm alumina suspension for polishing of electrodes was delivered by TESTING Sp z o.o. (Katowice, Poland). All other commercially available chemicals and reagents were of the highest possible grade available. Ultrapure water (0.056 μS·cm−1), used in all the experiments, was passed through a Milli-Q water purification system from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany) or water distillation system from Hydrolab Sp. z o.o. Sp.K. (Straszyn, Poland).
Effect of ceramic material type on the fracture load of inlay-retained and full-coverage fixed dental prostheses
Published in Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry, 2020
Hamid Kermanshah, Fariba Motevasselian, Saeedeh Alavi Kakhaki, Mutlu Özcan
One of the methods of improving the translucency is to increase the yttria content to 5% or more. However, the resultant microstructure consists more of cubic phase which has lower mechanical properties [7,11]. There is little knowledge about the mechanical behavior and reliability of monolithic translucent zirconia used for IRFPDs. Moreover, zirconia is chemically stable [12] and lack of glassy matrix due to its high crystalline content. In fact, adhesion of the resin-based luting cement is essential for the longevity of IRFPDs but high crystalline content of zirconia makes it resistant to conventional conditioning methods used for silica-based ceramic (i.e. hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching and silanization) [12–14]. Different types of mechanical and chemical surface conditioning methods have been recommended to date. Air-abrasion with aluminum oxide particles (Al2O3) is the most commonly used mechanical treatment [14,15]. Among chemical conditioning methods, Kitayama et al. showed that fusing of a thin layer of silica based ceramic of zirconia ceramic followed by silanization can improve bond strength of resin cement [16]. Another approach leading to chemical interaction with zirconia is the use of functional monomers having an affinity for metal oxides which can be included in the resin cements and adhesives. Phosphate ester monomers, such as 10-methacryoloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) and phosphoric acid acrylate monomer are among these functional monomers [12,13].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Alloy
- Chemical Compound
- Chromium
- Oxygen
- Sapphire
- Aluminium
- Chemical Formula
- Laser
- Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation
- Amphoterism