Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Prevention, and Control
Julius P. Kreier in Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Data from the early 1990s indicate that a person in one of the least developed countries of the world has a life expectancy of forty-three years while a person in a developed country has a life expectancy of seventy-three years. While life expectancy will increase by the year 2000 up to seventy-nine years in developed countries, even then forty-five developing countries will still have a life expectancy of less than sixty years. About 51 million people died in the world in 1993, 39 million of them in underdeveloped countries. Worldwide communicable diseases were responsible for about forty percent (20 million) of the total number of deaths. Eighty percent (16 million) of deaths from infectious diseases occurred in underdeveloped countries. Infectious diseases thus impose a tremendous burden to the already precarious health services in the underdeveloped world, where they constitute a serious negative factor for the development of individuals and social groups. They represent at the same time the results and causes of social, educational, political, and economic underdevelopment.
Ageing
Henry J. Woodford in Essential Geriatrics, 2022
It is predicted that life expectancy will continue to rise in most developed countries up to 2030, at least, by which time female life expectancy at birth is likely to exceed 90 years in the longest-living countries.16 The gap between life expectancy in the developed and less developed world is narrowing. Global life expectancy at birth has risen from 48 years in 1955 to 65 years in 1995, 70 years in 2012 and is estimated to reach 73 years in 2025. The causes of this increase are thought to be mainly related to improved nutrition, sanitation and healthcare. In the UK, the population aged over 100 years has risen fivefold in the 30 years, from 1980 to 2019, going from around 2,500 to 13,300 (approximately 0.02% of the population, with over 80% being female).17 A French woman, Jeanne Louise Calment, is the longest-surviving person known to date, having reached an age of 122 years and 164 days at her death in 1997. Given the ageing population, it is strange that this hasn't been surpassed in more than two decades.
Algeria
Ebby Elahi in World Compendium of Healthcare Facilities and Nonprofit Organizations, 2021
As the country developed over time, its health indicators improved as well. Life expectancy has increased to about 77 years. As the population lives to older ages, non-communicable diseases contribute most to death in Algeria. These include ischemic heart disease, stroke, hypertensive heart disease, chronic kidney disease, congenital defects, diabetes, and COPD. Notably, death due to diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease increased by over 60 percent between 2009 and 2019. Other leading causes of death include road injuries, neonatal disorders, and lower respiratory infections. The risk factors driving these leading causes of death include high blood pressure, high body-mass index, high fasting plasma glucose, malnutrition, dietary risks, tobacco use, air pollution, high LDL, kidney dysfunction, and occupational risks.
Relationships Between Aging Attitudes and Successful Aging Outcomes in Middle-age and Older Women
Published in Clinical Gerontologist, 2022
Pei Shing Seow, Gerard J. Byrne, Elizabeth Arnold, Nancy A. Pachana
Older persons, defined as aged 65 and above, are a growing demographic group globally (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019). Longer life expectancy has given rise to an increased prevalence of chronic and degenerative diseases like heart disease, diabetes, cancers as well as dementia (National Institute on Aging et al., 2011). Multiple comorbidities also increase with age (Barnett et al., 2012; Divo, Martinez, & Mannino, 2014). In addition to physical changes, aging is also associated with other life transitions which can potentially affect one’s mental well-being such as retirement, relocation to more appropriate housing, and the death of friends and partners (World Health Organisation, 2017). However, it is essential to recognize that deviations from normal aging are usually the exception rather than the norm. For instance, a large longitudinal study showed that most people reach old age without major impairments to their health (Hill, 2011). A National Institute on Ageing (2011) cross-national study also suggests that people can age well with appropriate policies and programs in place. As such, it is essential to identify factors that facilitate successful aging outcomes.
Optimizing pharmacotherapy on geriatric hospital units in Belgium – a national survey
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Julie Hias, Lorenz Van der Linden, Karolien Walgraeve, Jean-Claude Lemper, Laura Hellemans, Isabel Spriet, Jos Tournoy
Life expectancy has increased substantially. This evolution has resulted in not only more people living longer but also more actively. In Belgium, current life expectancy has been estimated at 79 years for men and 84 years for women [1]. Importantly, higher age has also been identified as a major determinant for multimorbidity. Furthermore, multiple clinical conditions are commonly treated pharmacologically, almost to the exclusion of other therapeutic options. This might be a logical consequence of following current clinical practice guidelines, in which recommendations mostly focus on single diseases and do not pursue a comprehensive and feasible medication regimen [2]. Older people are subsequently the largest consumers of medications with a high resulting prevalence of polypharmacy [3].
An assessment of the healthcare services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An analysis of the old, current, and future systems
Published in International Journal of Healthcare Management, 2020
Rumaiya Sajjad, Mohammed Owais Qureshi
Barely any new research has been done to assess the development of healthcare systems of KSA. Furthermore, the research points out that the population of the KSA will be the fastest growing in the Gulf region. Due to the ambitious plan called Saudi Vision 2030, the budget allocation towards the development of healthcare sector is expected to increase over the years, which will have an impact on the reach of healthcare services to the common man. Life expectancy will improve; infant mortality and maternal mortality will decrease further. In spite of the threat of contemporary diseases like the Middle East respiratory syndrome, infection rate per thousand people will decline further. The percentage of population below 25 years of age would increase further, despite a decline in the population growth over the next 10 years.
Related Knowledge Centers
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