Burden of disease assessment *
Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse in Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Burden of disease assessment can be used as a tool to identify the relative contributions of different WASH risk factors to the observed disease burden in a population, in order to target interventions and help to guide investment priorities. In addition, the method can be used to identify high-risk populations, both by geography and, within a given geographic location, by age and gender. An example use for these purposes was a burden of disease assessment project commissions by the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi for the United Arab Emirates.8,16,19 The results of this project helped the agency to prioritize its investments intended to reduce environmental risks to health. For example, key priorities that emerged included the need for better monitoring of and stronger controls on air pollution and coastal water pollution. If carried out regularly and systematically, burden of disease estimates can be used to track changes in population health risk over time. Indeed, the WHO and academic partner institutions periodically update the global disease burden estimates, with the most recent update published in 2012.20,21, 22
Cost-effectiveness of screening and management programs for gestational diabetes mellitus
Moshe Hod, Lois G. Jovanovic, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Alberto de Leiva, Oded Langer in Textbook of Diabetes and Pregnancy, 2018
A specific type of CEA combines both mortality and morbidity effects into one standardized single metric of change in health. This metric is either “disability-adjusted life years” (DALYs) or “quality-adjusted life years” (QALYs). DALYs measure the disease burden as it both represents premature mortality and disability due to morbidity.36 Imagine an individual who would normally expect to live another 10 years. He is now diagnosed with T2DM and T2DM-related complications that give him a 10% disability compromise while alive, and he dies 8 years later. He will have a DALY burden of 2 (lost life years) + 0.1 (disability) * 8 (years living with that disability) = 2.8 DALYs. The QALY is a measure of health and essentially the negative of the DALY. Thus, an illness that shortens life by 2 years and lowers “health status utility” by 10% for 8 years would decrease QALYs by 2.8. Since QALY incorporates the utility of different health states into the outcome measure, analyses using this outcome are often classified as cost-utility analysis.
Tackling the burden of disease with primary care research
Felicity Goodyear-Smith, Bob Mash, Michael Kidd in International Perspectives on Primary Care Research, 2017
As the target readership of this book is global, I was tempted to focus the examples on research undertaken in low-income countries where the disease burden is highest. However, this would have narrowed substantially the choice of examples and suggested that the underlying issues are not global. Undertaking primary care research, like delivering primary care, is much more difficult in countries with limited resources and political instability. But the principles of research methodology – how to undertake research that provides a believable answer – are global and fairly stable over time. Three of the examples given illustrate the benefits of collaboration with experts, both internationally and in the hospital sector. Primary care research to address important global health issues is not something to attempt alone without expert help, even if you have the ability and unquenchable energy of Dr. John Snow. The one very good aspect of the primary care research environment internationally is the willingness of others to be collaborative and supportive.
Ten years of HPV vaccination in the Netherlands: current evidence and future challenges in HPV-related disease prevention
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
V. Qendri, T. M. Schurink-Van ’t Klooster, J. A. Bogaards, J. Berkhof
A recent analysis quantified the overall HPV-related disease burden in both women and men in the Netherlands during 1989–2014, including all health outcomes with evidence for a causal relationship to HPV except for RRP [47]. Disease burden was quantified by disability-adjusted life-year (DALY), which accounts for the impact of the disease on both morbidity and mortality [47]. The results showed that on average 9600 (95% Credible Interval (CrI: 9500–7800) and 1900 (95% CrI: 1800–2000) DALYs annually could be attributed to HPV infections in women and men, respectively. Disease burden rose in both sexes during the study period, but the increase was stronger for males (103 DALYs/year) compared to females (46 DALYs/year). The male share in the overall disease burden increased from 10% in 1989 to 26% in 2014, with the largest male burden attributed to oropharyngeal cancer [47]. Projecting cancer and GW incidence trends from 2005 to 2014 into the future, the study showed that the total disease burden is expected to be 1.3-fold higher in 2023 compared to 2014, and that the gender disparity in HPV-related disease burden will be further diminished.
Burden of rheumatoid arthritis in the Nordic region, 1990–2015: a comparative analysis using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2018
AA Kiadaliri, L-E Kristensen, M Englund
An understanding of the burden of RA in comparison to other diseases is essential to aid evidence-based decision making in the allocation of health resources and in prioritizing health research. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) is an increasingly used measure of disease burden, combining premature mortality [years of life lost (YLL)] and disability (years lived with disability (YLD)]. This measure was developed within the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study (6) to provide comprehensive and internally consistent estimates of mortality and disability from major diseases, injuries, and risk factors, allowing comparisons between diseases, across populations, and over time. In a previous study, the global and regional burden of RA was examined using the findings of GBD 2010 (7) and it was reported that globally RA accounted for 0.49% of YLD and 0.19% of DALYs in 2010. The latest iteration of the GBD study, GBD 2015, estimated the burden of 315 causes including RA for 195 countries during 1990–2015 (8–10). While in the previous GBD iterations the estimates for the five Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) were separately reported, in GBD 2015, for the first time, the estimates for the whole Nordic region (including the above-mentioned countries plus Greenland) were reported. In the current study, we aimed to report the prevalence of RA, the mortality and disability due to RA, and the relative importance of RA compared to other conditions across six Nordic countries between 1990 and 2015, using the findings from GBD 2015.
The CRISPR revolution and its potential impact on global health security
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Kyle E. Watters, Jesse Kirkpatrick, Megan J. Palmer, Gregory D. Koblentz
Diseases such as malaria, TB, and HIV are endemic across large regions of the world and are responsible for a disproportionate degree of the global health disease burden[1]. Additionally, influenza poses a perennial challenge that can be exacerbated by the emergence of a novel strain for which people do not have any preexisting immunity. Outbreaks of diseases that emerge suddenly and unexpectedly, such as Ebola or H1N1 influenza, have proven difficult to contain. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in China in 2019, and its rapid spread around the world, is a stark reminder of the risks posed by zoonotic diseases that are highly transmissible once they jump into human populations. Overall, the global health community lacks a comprehensive kit of diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic tools for mitigating the effects of these diseases.
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