Specialist Applications and Multispectral Imaging
Adrian Davies in Digital Ultraviolet and Infrared Photography, 2017
From 1999 to 2008, the book was examined using various multispectral imaging techniques. The entire palimpsest was imaged in twelve spectral bands plus raking light, at a resolution of 800dpi (UV:365nm; visible light: 445, 470, 505, 530, 570, 617 and 625nm; IR: 700, 735 and 870nm; and raking light: 470 and 910nm). X-ray fluorescence was also used in some cases. On the whole, it was found that IR was not very useful in imaging the Archimedes Palimpsest because the ink used by the scribes did not contain much carbon. However, the ink did have a high iron content, and iron absorbs ultraviolet light. UV has often been used to look at faint text in medieval manuscripts, and was extremely helpful in the case of the Archimedes Palimpsest.
Unmasking the Illicit Trafficking of Nuclear and Other Radioactive Materials
Michael Pöschl, Leo M. L. Nollet in Radionuclide Concentrations in Food and the Environment, 2006
X-ray fluorescence is an analysis technique that is widely used for the examination of samples containing elements from sodium to plutonium. XRF is generally classified as either energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) or wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF). An energy dispersive instrument utilizes an energy analyzing detector upon which all the resultant x-rays are focused. A wavelength dispersive instrument uses a diffraction crystal to focus x-rays of specific wavelength upon a detector. By rotating the crystal, the wavelength range is scanned. While ED-XRF systems are faster and less expensive, WD-XRF is more sensitive and has higher resolution [60].
Dictionary
Mario P. Iturralde in Dictionary and Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Imaging, 1990
X-ray fluorescence analysis. The X-ray emission may be excited not only by direct electron bombardment, but also by a fluorescent mechanism when harder X-rays than those to be excited impinge on the target. The radiation excited in this way is then analyzed in a crystal spectrometer generally using proportional counter detectors. This method of analysis is nondestructive. It is not well suited to the lightest elements, say with Z < 10.
X-ray spectrometry imaging and chemical speciation assisting to understand the toxic effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Joyce Ribeiro Santos-Rasera, Rafael Giovanini de Lima, Dejane Santos Alves, Regina Teresa Rosim Monteiro, Hudson Wallace Pereira de Carvalho
Spectroscopic techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) is able to identify, locate and quantify chemical elements, while X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) can reveal their chemical environment, oxidation state, and symmetry. Although powerful, these techniques are not as spread in ecotoxicology as in materials science. Some of the challenges regard strategies for mapping whole organisms and detecting trace elements, this latter task has been mostly accomplished by acid digestion and the destruction of biological tissues, without actually taking a picture of the organisms (Wang 2022). Sample preparation is also challenging because it has to preserve the elements in the proper cell compartment, otherwise one may obtain misleading results. (Jin et al., 2017). The literature reports applications of isolated XRF (Mages et al. 2008) and XAS in aquatic organisms (Beauchemin et al. 2004; Misra et al. 2012; Saibu et al. 2018; Kuwabara et al. 2007). Fewer studies have combined both tools such as reported by Adams et al. (2016) and Santos-Rasera et al. (2019).
Rux largely restores lungs in Iraq PM-exposed mice, Up-regulating regulatory T-cells (Tregs)
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2018
David Lin, Jonathan Li, Rabail Razi, Niha Qamar, Laurie Levine, Thomas Zimmerman, Sayyed A. Hamidi, Millicent Schmidt, Marc G. Golightly, Todd Rueb, Andrea Harrington, Merrill Garnett, Frank Antonawich, Steven McClain, Edmund Miller, Courtney Cox, Po Hsuan Huang, Anthony M. Szema
The contaminants used in all experiments originated near burn pits at Camp Victory, Iraq. The collection took place prior to 2013 and upon arrival to the United States the PM was subjected to UV radiation to rid the material of bacterial pathogens. The mineralogy of the PM was determined using a Scintagg Pad X Diffractometer with a copper source (λ = 1.54 A) from 4 to 90 degrees 2 theta in continuous scan mode at 2 degrees 2theta/minute. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (Bruker S4 Pioneer) was used for elemental analysis. The specific surface area of the PM, determined with a QuantachromeNOVA5-point BET analyzer, was 26.429 m2/g. The PM morphology was determined on a scanning electron microscope (SEM; LEO 1550 SFEG) with an EDAX energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) using an accelerating voltage of 15 kV and a 30 µm aperture (Figure 5).
Portraying manganese biofilms via a merger of EPR spectroscopy and cathodic polarization
Published in Biofouling, 2019
A. Lakshman Kumar, M. Eashwar, G. Sreedhar, S. Vengatesan, V. Prabu, V. M. Shanmugam
Traditionally, the detection and documentation of MOB within natural biofilms have relied on microscopy coupled with elemental analyses (Dickinson et al. 1996; Lunsdorf et al. 1997; Kielemoes et al. 2002; Smith 2014; Keim et al. 2015). Quantification of MnOx within natural biofilms constitutes a different method of evaluation (Nelson et al. 1999; Braughton et al. 2001; Dong et al. 2001; Tani et al. 2003; Ginige et al. 2011). Other successfully employed approaches include X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (Olesen et al. 2000; Cerrato et al. 2010), scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (Hitchcock et al. 2009), laser Raman spectroscopy (Ivarsson et al. 2015; Owocki et al. 2016), and synchrotron-based in situ micro X-ray adsorption near edge structure (µ-XANES) spectroscopy added to X-ray fluorescence mapping (µ-XRF) (Gerke et al. 2016). Linhardt (1998) developed a cyclic voltammetric approach to identify the oxidation states of chemically synthesized and bacterially produced MnOx. Also, Xu et al. (1998) fashioned a microelectrode method for the direct measurement of manganese within biofilms, which was further expanded in combination with confocal microscopy (Dexter et al. 2003).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Atom
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- Ionization Energy
- X-Ray
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- Forensic Science
- Characteristic X-Ray
- Siegbahn Notation