Evaluating the Interactions of Silver Nanoparticles and Mammalian Cells Based on Biomics Technologies
Huiliang Cao in Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Devices, 2017
In the ‘eukaryotic transcription initiation pathway’ (Figure 10.5a), most involved genes code transcription initiation factors, which have functions in the downstream of signalling cascades and are relevant to biological and extracellular stimuli. ‘mRNA processing pathway’ contains three main steps, including mRNA capping, processing of intron-containing and mRNA 3′-end processing (Figure 10.5b). It could be seen that most differentially expressed genes were relevant to the mRNA splicing process. Among them, up-regulated SFRS1, SFRS2 and SFRS7 belong to the SR family of splicing factor and act as key regulators of mRNA metabolism (Long and Caceres 2009). ‘Translation factors pathway’ (Figure 10.5c) and ‘cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins pathway’ (Figure 10.5d) are related to the translational regulation of gene expression. The results implied that Ag NPs regulated gene expression processes in HDFs.
Signal transduction and exercise
Adam P. Sharples, James P. Morton, Henning Wackerhage in Molecular Exercise Physiology, 2022
Mature mRNA is translated into protein by ribosomes. Ribosomes consist of a small 40S and a large 60S subunit of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) that join together to create an 80S ribosome. Ribosomes are controlled by ribosomal proteins, which are regulated especially by the mTOR signalling pathways. In the late 1990s, it was noted that translational regulators were modulated in hypertrophying muscles (74), and subsequent research has shown that activation of translation via the mTOR pathway is a key mechanism by which exercise increases MPS (in a later section, we provide more discussion on the role of MPS in aerobic and resistance exercise adaptations). Protein translation occurs in three stages: initiation, where the ribosome and mRNA are assembled;elongation, where the mRNA is read by the ribosome and translated into an amino acid chain; andtermination.
Translation and Post-Translational Modifications During Aging
Alvaro Macieira-Coelho in Molecular Basis of Aging, 2017
Ribosomes are cellular organelles that comprise at least 4 types of rRNA and about 80 proteins, and are the pivotal link where the language of nucleic acids is translated into a growing chain of amino acids. In the case of ribosomal proteins, the amino acid sequences of about 35 proteins out of a total of about 80 have been determined. However, the exact roles of the various rRNAs, the proteins, and their mutual interactions in determining the activity, efficiency, and accuracy of the ribosomes is not very well understood at present. Several studies have been performed on the age-related changes in the number of ribosomes, their thermal stability, their binding to aminoacyl-tRNA, the levels of ribosomal proteins and rRNAs, the sensitivity to aminoglycoside antibiotics, and the fidelity of ribosomes (Table 2).
Diversity of neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus
Published in Immunological Medicine, 2020
Ribosomes are organelles of protein synthesis and are composed of ribosomal protein–RNA complexes. Ribosomal P protein refers to three types of phosphorylated proteins present on the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. It is also known as the neuronal surface P antigen (NSPA) due to their expression on the neuronal cell surface in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and amygdala [23]. P antigen consists of the highly conserved carboxy-terminal residues of three ribosomal phosphoproteins, P0 (38 kDa), P1 (19 kDa) and P2 (17 kDa) [24]. Anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies recognize all these proteins [25], increase cellular calcium influx and induce cell death [26]. Passive transfer experiments in mice have shown that anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies isolated from SLE patients induce olfactory abnormalities [27], depression-like manifestations [28] and memory impairment [29]. In addition, ribosomal P proteins are expressed on the surfaces of peripheral blood monocytes. Binding of anti-ribosomal P protein antibody to monocytes increases the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-6 from monocytes [30]. Since these cytokines contribute to the BBB breach, the association between anti-ribosomal P antibodies and BBB breach has recently been considered.
Exploitation of the antifungal and antibiofilm activities of plumbagin against Cryptococcus neoformans
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Weidong Qian, Wenjing Wang, Jianing Zhang, Yuting Fu, Qiming Liu, Xinchen Li, Ting Wang, Qian Zhang
As shown in Figure 7, 19 DEGs involved in ribosome biogenesis were observed in plumbagin-treated C. neoformans H99 cells in the biofilm and planktonic state. Ribosomes are composed of structural components encoded by ribosomal protein (RP) genes and are the sophisticated molecular machines for protein synthesis as directed by the genetic information encoded by mRNAs. In this study, 12 and seven DEGs in the plumbagin-treated C. neoformans H99 cells were downregulated in the biofilm and planktonic states, respectively. Moreover, the downregulated expression levels of RPL27 (ribosomal protein L27), RPL17, RPL22, RPL2, RPL9B, RPL30 and UBI1 genes in the C. neoformans H99 biofilm state were similar to those in the corresponding planktonic state. In contrast, the expression of RPL39, NOP1, MRPS18 and NOG2 were downregulated in the biofilm state, but were unaltered in the planktonic state.
Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics reveal potential protein targets of JiaWeiSiNiSan in preventing chronic psychological stress damage
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Han-Zhang Wang, Wu-Long Luo, Ning-Xi Zeng, Hui-Zhen Li, Ling Li, Can Yan, Li-Li Wu
Ribosomal proteins are closely related to complex functions – coordinating protein biosynthesis to maintain homeostasis and survival in cells. Many ribosomal proteins have secondary functions independent of their involvement in protein biosynthesis. Many of these proteins act as cell proliferation regulators and, in some cases, as inducers of cell death. Some scholars (Hetman and Slomnicki 2019) have suggested that ribosome biogenesis disorder may lead to insufficient proliferation and/or loss of neural precursor cells and apoptosis of immature neurons. In this study, a total of 35 differential proteins co-regulated by CUMS and JWSNS were screened, among which 8 were ribosome proteins, represented by Rps14, Rps4x and Rps12. They were highly co-expressed in the CUMS group, and their expression was reduced by JWSNS. These ribosomal proteins are highly differentiated and are key nodes in the protein interaction network, indicating that they are important proteins involved in the stress damage regulation of JWSNS. Consistent with our results, Hiroaki et al. (Hori et al. 2018) found that the ribosome gene was up-regulated in depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and was associated with stress susceptibility in the analysis of gene expression profiles in human peripheral blood.
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