All About Wave Equations
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel in Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
From Double Helix Spiral point of view of Scalar Energy, each rotation of a scalar wave observes the mathematical value of Phi, 1.618…, an irrational number. That is, for each rotation of the MAJOR GROOVE OF A scalar wave, the length of a scalar wave is 1.618 times greater than the width of the scalar wave. This identical, structural motif is imparted to all DNA whereby each rotation of the DNA double helix likewise observes the same mathematical value of Phi. That is, the length of a DNA double helix, MAJOR GROOVE is 1.618 times greater than the width of the DNA, for each rotation of the DNA. Thus, scalar energy is a perfect phi-spiral and is responsible for the formation of a DNA double helix. In short, scalar energy provides the light information responsible for assembling and maintaining all DNA (see Figure 2.54).
Growth Factor Receptors as Proto Oncogenes or Oncogene Products
Velibor Krsmanović, James F. Whitfield in Malignant Cell Secretion, 2019
The subfamily 1 prototype is the 175-kDa monomeric EGF-R. A distinctive feature of this subfamily is the presence, in the extracellular domain, of two related cysteine-rich sequences which are believed to form a subfamily-specific structural motif linked by disulfide bonds. The subfamily 2 prototype is the Ins-R, a heterotetrameric receptor composed of two α (Mr 135 kDa) and two β (Mr 95 kDa) subunits which are derived from the proteolytic cleavage of a 210-kDa proreceptor precursor. The β subunits span the plasma membrane, and their intracellular portion include the protein tyrosine kinase catalytic domain. The α subunits are entirely extracellular and are linked both together and to the β subunits by disulfide bonds. Each α subunit contains a single subclass-specific cysteine-rich domain; being an α2β2 tetramer, each insulin receptor molecule therefore contains two of these domains. The subfamily 3 prototype is the 165-kDa monomeric CSF-1.R. Unlike the EGF-R and Ins-R, members of this subfamily do not contain cysteine-rich repeats in their extracellular domain, but instead have a set of six regularly spaced cysteine residues. The second characteristic of this subfamily that distinguishes its members, not only from other receptor tyrosine kinases but also from other protein kinases, is the presence in the catalytic domain of a long 54- to 77-residue insert. The functional significance of this insert is unknown.
Immunoglobulins
Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla in Textbook of Immunology, 2019
Gel electrophoresis of serum proteins distinguishes four major peaks (Figure 4–1). Albumin is the most abundant, normally comprising 50–70% of total serum protein. The other three are the alpha, the beta, and the gamma globulins. The gamma globulins are now called immunoglobulins (often abbreviated Ig), or antibodies (Ab). These are large, complex glycoproteins sharing a common structural motif, and grouped into classes and subclasses according to variations upon this motif. For the moment, all one need know about antibody protein structure is that a molecule of Ig contains two different polypeptides called heavy chains, and light chains.
Identification and validation of Sertoli cell homing peptides as molecular steering for testis targeted drug delivery
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Yugandhara Jirwankar, Vikas Dighe
Motif discovery analysis of common 1551 peptide sequences using STREME (Sensitive, Thorough, Rapid, Enriched Motif Elicitation) [39] (https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btab203) resulted in six enriched ungapped motifs with p-value <0.05. GSAK motif is enriched in 203 (13.1%) sequences followed by FRAQPTI, YSLRLT, SVTAPT, RDTH, and MKA (Figure 5 A–F), a summary of their p-values, E-values, and sites are shown in Supplementary Table 2. Further, these motifs were submitted to Tomtom, a motif comparison tool (https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2007-8-2-r24) [40] which compared the submitted protein motif with motifs on the prosite database. Out of six enriched motifs, only GSAK and YSLRLT resulted in one hit each with E value <0.1. The motif similarity of GSAK and YSLRLT was found with Eukaryotic initiation factor 5 A hypusine signature (PS00302) and Stress-induced proteins SRP1/TIP1 family signature (PS00724), respectively (Supplementary Figure 3). Though the E-value for these two alignments is <0.1, these motifs are not 100% similar to their hits, indicating the novelty of the discovered motifs. Seqlogo analysis of common 1551 peptides with TBtool (Figure 5G) revealed GSWNTFRAQ and PTI as enriched domains, which is the actual sequence of the SCHP1 peptide.
TMT-Based proteomics analysis of LPS-induced acute lung injury
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2021
Shengsong Chen, Yi Zhang, Qingyuan Zhan
First, all protein sequences were aligned to the Linux server database downloaded from NCBI (ncbi-blast-2.2.28+-win32.exe), and only the sequences in the top 10 with an E-value< =1e-3 were retained. Second, the GO term (database version: go_201504.obo) for the sequence with the top bit score by Blast2GO was selected. Then, protein annotation based on the GO terms was completed with Blast2GO Command Line. After elementary annotation, InterProScan was used to search the EBI database by motif, and functional protein motif information was then added to improve the annotation. Then, annotations and connections between GO terms were further improved with ANNEX. Fisher’s exact test was used to assess GO term enrichment by comparing the number of DEPs and total proteins correlated with the GO terms.
The expression of voltage-gated sodium channels in trigeminal nerve following chronic constriction injury in rats
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Mingxing Liu, Jun Zhong, Lei Xia, Ningning Dou, Shiting Li
Previous studies have observed that this ectopic action potential could be attenuated by blockers of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) [14–16]. There are nine varied VGSC isoforms (Nav1.1–1.9) that share a common overall structural motif, but with different amino acid sequences and function [17, 18]. The expression of VGSCs are highly dynamic, changing substantially following nerve injury [19–21]. For example, Nav1.3 is expressed at high level in embryonic nervous system but is barely detectable in the dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) of adult rats [22]. However, Nav1.3 is re-expressed in DRG neurons and thalamic neurons following different forms of nerve injury [23–25]. Nav1.3 mRNA which expressed in embryonic but not adult spinal sensory neurons is re-expressed following axotomy [26]. While Nav1.6 clustered at nodes of Ranvier in mature myelinated nerves, yet other VGSC isoforms, such as Nav1.3 and Nav1.8 re-expressed at mature myelinated nerves with demyelination after nerve injury [27, 28]. Several VGSCs have been implicated in neuropathic pain, especially tetrodotoxin-sensitive Nav1.3 and Nav1.7, and tetrodotoxin-resistant Nav1.8 [23, 29]. For instance, intrathecal injection of Nav1.3 specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotides may reverse the mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia [30]. Nav1.8 was found to increase in afferent C-fibers and decrease in injured DRG neurons in the spinal nerve ligation model [31]. Clinically, the involvement of sodium channels in trigeminal neuralgia is supported by effective treatment with anticonvulsants, especially carbamazepine, which is a sodium channel blocker [32].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Molecule
- Nucleic Acid
- Nucleotide
- Polymer
- Protein
- Sequence Motif
- Stem-Loop
- Cruciform DNA
- Inverted Repeat
- DNA Supercoil