Herpesvirus microRNAs for Use in Gene Therapy Immune-Evasion Strategies
Yashwant Pathak in Gene Delivery, 2022
RNA molecules smaller than 21 nucleotides are known as microRNAs (miRNAs). A pair of complementary strands of mRNA can interact when they are of complementary lengths. This reduces by obstructing or degrading translation. In the world of microRNA research, microRNAs are often called the “fine tuners” of the gene expression. Since most of the posttranslational regulation occurs after this process, it produces results that are rather subtle. Cellular miRNAs are abundantly present and are involved in almost all biological processes. The diversity of their DNA makes them perfect targets for viruses. Indeed, Herpesviruses use cellular miRNAs to benefit from replication and survival. In addition to being encoded by herpesviruses, miRNAs may also be effective in rendering cellular grafts as part of gene therapy techniques. RNA-mediated immune evasion by herpesvirus is known to involve herpesvirus miRNAs. These have only recently gained attention, and to our knowledge, there has been no evaluation of miRNAs as a tool for gene editing therapy. Specifically, we have defined and discussed miRNAs derived from herpesviruses that are associated with immune evasion.
Can we accelerate the osteoporotic bone fracture healing response?
Peter V. Giannoudis, Thomas A. Einhorn in Surgical and Medical Treatment of Osteoporosis, 2020
Micro-Ribonucleicacids (MicroRNAs) are short, double-stranded, noncoding Ribonucleicacid (RNA) segments of 22 nucleotides. They are able to modulate important cellular biological functions such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (30,31). MicroRNAs are able to modulate these functions by inhibiting important protein translation. This occurs through either cleavage or direct repression of target messenger RNA (32). One microRNA can target several messenger RNAs. And one messenger RNA can be targeted by several microRNAs. This indicates the versatility and complexity of the microRNA modulating system. It has been calculated that microRNAs may regulate one-third of the human transcriptome, thereby regulating 50% of all human protein coding genes (33,34). MicroRNAs have been described to play a role in many different diseases. This also holds true for pathologies of the musculoskeletal system (35).
Garlic
Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno in Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs (approximately 23 nucleotides in length) that regulate post-transcriptional gene expression by binding to the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of target mRNAs, leading to mRNA cleavage or translational repression.156 MicroRNAs regulate the expression of a wide variety of target genes and are therefore involved in a broad range of biological processes, and their expression is dysregulated in cancer.157 Garlic compounds have been found to influence microRNA or miR expression in cancer cells. For example, DADS suppressed proliferation and invasion in human breast cancer cells by upregulating miR-34a to target repression of the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase SRC mRNA, consequently reducing SRC/Ras/ERK oncogene signaling.158 These results add to the variety of gene regulatory mechanisms that may be modified by consumption of garlic and its constituents.
The effective constituent puerarin, from Pueraria lobata, inhibits the proliferation and inflammation of vascular smooth muscle in atherosclerosis through the miR-29b-3p/IGF1 pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Jianpeng Li, Yanan Li, Xiangke Yuan, Dengfeng Yao, Zongyue Gao, Zhaoyang Niu, Zheng Wang, Yue Zhang
MicroRNA is a kind of small non-coding RNA, which inhibits gene expression after transcription, and has been confirmed to be an important molecule involved in AS regulation. It has been found that multiple miRNAs are involved in the progression of AS (Giral et al. 2016). For example, miR-155 has been found to be a molecule involved in the inflammatory signalling pathway of AS (Bruen et al. 2019). Qiao et al. (2020) found that miR-210-3p reduces lipid accumulation in AS and inflammation response via inhibiting IGF2. Feng et al. (2018) found that miR-26a targets TRPC3 to inhibit the progression of AS. In addition, miR-21-3p, miR-92a, miR-126, miR-33, etc. have also been confirmed to be involved in the regulation of AS (Li et al. 2019; Zhu et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2019b). However, there is no relevant report on whether puerarin inhibits the occurrence and development of AS through any miRNA pathway. Here, we found that miR-29b-3p is decreased in AS mice and hVSMC, and miR-29b-3p is the target of puerarin to alleviate AS. Moreover, we confirmed that IGF1 is the target of miR-29b-3p.
CircRIMS promotes cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through increasing apoptosis and targeting the miR-96-5p/JAK/STAT1 axis
Published in Brain Injury, 2023
Wei Li, Lin Xie, Lisha Wang, Faliang Lin
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) consist of about 20 nucleotides and are highly conserved small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) capable of controlling physiological functions, including synaptic formation and brain neurogenesis (21,22). Duan et al. (2019) reported upregulation of miR-96-5p in MCAO rats, particularly in infarcted areas. Furthermore, Xu et al. reported that upregulation of miR-96-5p inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation and viability by inhibiting HBEGF expression. MiRNAs and circRNAs play significant roles in CIR injury modulation (23–26). Meanwhile, CircRIMS (circ -014,781) is highly expressed in an in vitro cerebral ischemia model, and knocking out circRIMS could effectively reduce apoptosis and inflammation of astrocytes. It has been found to target miR-96-5p adsorption and regulate STAT1 (signal transducer and transcription activator) expression and further inhibit apoptosis in gastric adenocarcinoma cells (27) and renal cells (28).
Potential plasma microRNAs signature miR-190b-5p, miR-215-5p and miR-527 as non-invasive biomarkers for prostate cancer
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Mohd Mabood Khan, Mohammad Serajuddin, Mausumi Bharadwaj
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (19–22 nucleotide), conserved, noncoding molecules that regulate post-transcriptional processes either by repressing or degrading mRNA or by translation inhibition binding to complementary sites on mRNA (C. Zhang 2008). MicroRNA can function as a tumour suppressor gene or an oncogene to regulate multiple processes. MicroRNAs have diverse and important functions in biological processes like carcinogenesis, cell propagation, development, cell death and various signalling pathways demonstrated by significant previous studies on miRNA (Bartel 2004, He and Hannon 2004). The molecular research on miRNA has pointed out the critical role of miRNA expression alteration in both prostate cancer and noncancer patients, leading to the pivotal role of miRNA as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in PCa (Kristensen et al. 2016). Till now, not much research has been conducted on the diagnostic potential of miRNAs in PCa.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Gene Silencing
- Nucleotide
- Polyadenylation
- Ribosome
- Messenger Rna
- NON-Coding Rna
- Rna Silencing
- Regulation of Gene Expression
- Base Pair
- Messenger Rna
- Translation