Genetic research in Edinburgh, 1964–1979
Kiheung Kim in The Social Construction of Disease, 2006
Dickinson and his team interpreted this variability in terms of the genetic phenomenon of dominance. Dominance is the tendency for one allele of a particular gene to be expressed more strongly than another in heterozygous individuals. Thus, in cases where the scrapie incubation period in s7p7 mice tended towards that in s7s7 mice, as for instance with the 22C scrapie strain, Dickinson claimed that the s7 allele of Sinc was partially dominant. On the other hand, in the case of scrapie strain 87A, where the incubation period in s7p7 mice was the same as in p7p7 mice, Dickinson read this as indicating that the p7 allele of Sinc was completely dominant. Moreover, in the case of scrapie strain 79V, the p7 allele showed over-dominance where the incubation time in s7p7 mice exceeded that in p7p7. The Edinburgh group were intrigued by the fact that the degree of dominance of the two alleles of the mouse gene Sinc varied depending upon what strain of scrapie the mice were infected with.
Genetic Principles
Gail S. Anderson in Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior, 2019
In the experiment with the pea flowers, the offspring always looked like one of the parents because of the complete dominance of one allele over another. But for some traits, dominance is not complete, and the offspring have an appearance somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parents.2 For example, when a red snapdragon is crossed with a white snapdragon, all of the first generation has pink flowers. This is because the heterozygotes have lesser red pigment than the red homozygotes. However, it is important to realize that blending is still not occurring, as was the old belief, because if that were so, the original whites and reds could not be retrieved. However, if you breed the pink plants, you get red, white, and pink.
Genetic and Developmental Implications for Trace Metal metabolism from Mutant and Inbred Strains of Animals
Owen M. Rennert, Wai-Yee Chan in Metabolism of Trace Metals in Man, 2017
Wolkowski showed that resistance to the Cd embryotoxicity was inherited as a dominant trait. This may sound contradictory to the previous statement that cdm (Cd resistance to testicular damage) was recessive, but it is not. Redefined in terms of the Cd resistance to teratogenicity associated with cdm,110 we would have to conclude that +cdm is also dominant, which it is, even on the basis of testicular sensitivity to Cd. Dominance and recessiveness of alleles are defined strictly on the basis of the expressed phenotype in the F1 progeny. It remains to be demonstrated how the Cd-induced teratogenicity may be expressed among F1 hybrid progenies of various +/+ and cdd/cdm strains.
Assessment of natural variability in leaf morphological and physiological traits in maize inbreds and their related hybrids during early vegetative growth
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
Farag Ibraheem, Eman M. El-Ghareeb
The genetic, molecular, and physiological mechanisms of heterosis are not fully understood [24,25]. Genetically, two main hypotheses have been proposed to explain the genetic basis of heterosis. The dominance hypothesis attributes heterosis to the accumulation of growth and yield-favoring alleles and complementation of harmful recessive ones in maize hybrids. Over-dominance hypothesis refers heterosis to the superior action of heterozygosity of alleles at individual loci over homozygosity at the same loci [26,27]. Epistasis and other molecular mechanisms including epigenetic, differential gene expression in hybrids and inbreds, and siRNA have also been implicated in controlling heterosis [27–30]. Physiologically, heterosis has been attributed to alterations in enzyme activity, protein metabolism, energy use, mitochondrial metabolism, metabolic flux/balance, circadian clock functions, carbon fixation, phytohormonal level (particularly GA) and cell cycle progression in inbreds and hybrids [18,23,31].
Association between Psoriasis Disease and IFN-λ Gene Polymorphisms
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Büşra Yilmaz, Güneş Çakmak Genç, Sevim Karakaş Çelik, Nilgün Solak Tekin, Murat Can, Ahmet Dursun
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version. 19.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A post-hoc power calculation was performed using the G-Power software to determine the sample size. A case-control study was conducted. The allelic and genotypic frequencies of the polymorphisms were calculated for both for cases and for controls. Analyses were performed using dominant, additive, and recessive models. Dominance was defined in terms of allele 2 (minor allele) effects. In the dominant allele 2 models, homozygous individuals for allele 1 were compared with carriers of allele 2. In the recessive allele 2 models, homozygous individuals for allele 2 were compared with carriers of allele 1. The χ2 test was used to compare the genotype and allele frequencies of each gene polymorphism in psoriasis patients and controls. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to compare psoriasis risk for the alleles and genotypes. The Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) test was conducted using Excel (Microsoft Office Excel, Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA). Data distribution was determined with the Shapiro–Wilk test. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (minimum-maximum). The categorical variables were frequency and percent. Continuous variables were compared using the independent-sample t-test or the Mann–Whitney U-test. P values < .05 were considered statistically significant.
Thirty Years of LGBTQ Pre-Publication Knowledge Production in Higher Education Research: A Critical Summative Content Analysis of ASHE Conference Sessions
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2021
Carrie A. Kortegast, Kathryn S. Jaekel, Z. Nicolazzo
Sessions that focused on the intersections of race, gender, and sexuality focused mostly on the experiences of African American/Black gay men. Women and transgender people of color, as well as men of color who are not African American/Black, were overlooked and under-researched. For the majority of sessions, intersections with other identities were either assumed or not explicitly stated in the presentation titles. While we cannot be sure of scholars’ intentions, we wonder about the erasure of understandings of power and privilege as it pertains to shaping identities and experiences. A concern is that when race was not mentioned, this may be another manifestation of colorblindness and, as such, the practice of Whiteness (Bonilla-Silva, 2014). Specifically, 23% of sessions indicated being about people of color. It is unclear, however, if the remaining sessions were focused solely on White individuals. Often, all-White samples are not named as being about White people and Whiteness. As Kincheloe et al. (2011) asserted, research often “unwittingly” (p. 28) serves to reproduce oppressive systems. Thus the not naming of dominance reifies dominance.