Iontophoresis: Applications in Drug Delivery and Noninvasive Monitoring *
Richard H. Guy, Jonathan Hadgraft in Transdermal Drug Delivery, 2002
When an electric potential gradient is established across a membrane, ions on either side will migrate in the direction dictated by their charge. The speed of migration of an ion is determined by its physicochemical characteristics and the properties of the media through which the ion is moving (9,12). The sum of the individual ion fluxes must equal the current supplied by the power source; in other words, there is a “competition” among all the ions present to carry the charge. Obviously, the chances of being a major carrier, and in consequence being efficiently transported through the skin, increase with the electrical mobility and concentration of the ion concerned.
Effect of particle morphology on performance of an electrostatic air–liquid interface cell exposure system for nanotoxicology studies
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Ta-Chih Hsiao, Hsiao-Chi Chuang, Jing-Chi Lin, Tsun-Jen Cheng, Li-Ti Chou
The morphology effect of NPs was investigated using particles with different morphologies. As shown in Figure 5, the experimental results were transformed using drift velocity under an identical flow rate (Q=1.5 lpm) and electrode distance (h=20mm). The collection efficiency curves of different particle morphologies did not merge well. The performance for identical electrical mobility particle size (dp,m = 61.5nm) with six morphologies was further analyzed. However, the collection efficiency of particles with an identical electrical mobility particle size (dp,m = 61.5nm) but with different morphologies under flow rates of 1.5 and 0.3 lpm was very similar. Therefore, for NPs, the effect of particle morphology on the ESP-ALI performance is insignificant, and the scattering data after rescaling may have been due to turbulent mixing.
Iontophoresis for the cutaneous delivery of nanoentraped drugs
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Jayanaraian F. M. Andrade, Marcilio Cunha-Filho, Guilherme M. Gelfuso, Tais Gratieri
These characteristics make passive permeation time-consuming and ineffective in numerous cases, so it is clear that enhancing transcutaneous delivery kinetics is imperative for improving transdermal drug delivery [6]. Hence, to solve the low permeability hindrance of the skin, different strategies have been explored, and iontophoresis appears as one of the most promising. Iontophoresis is a noninvasive physical method that employs a moderate electric current (<0.5 mA/cm2) to enhance a substance’s penetration toward a biological tissue [7]. The electrical field causes a reversible alteration in membrane barrier properties, forming transient pores in the lipid bilayer. Moreover, such external physical force elicits the electrical mobility of charged compounds toward the tissue and generates a solvent flow. All these effects combined can increase transcutaneous drug permeation, even for neutral molecules [8].
Pulmonary hypofunction due to calcium carbonate nanomaterial exposure in occupational workers: a cross-sectional study
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2018
Guoliang Li, Lihong Liang, Jingchao Yang, Lihai Zeng, Zhiwei Xie, Yizhou Zhong, Xiaolin Ruan, Ming Dong, Zhanhong Yang, Guanchao Lai, Weixin Huang, Aichu Yang, Jiabing Chen, Banghua Wu, Huaming Xu, Dezhi Meng, Shijie Hu, Lihua Xia, Xingfen Yang, Laiyu Li, Sahoko Ichihara, Gaku Ichihara, Hanlin Huang, Zhenlie Huang
A scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS, TSI3910, Shoreview, MN) with an electrical mobility diameter ranging from 10 to 420 nm combining a differential mobility analyzer (DMA, TSI3910; size range 10–420 nm) and condensation particle counter (CPC, TSI3910; 100–106 particles/cm3 detection range) was used to monitor the size distribution of the particles. Workplace air was sampled at a flow rate of 0.3 L/min for the SMPS. The SMPS scanned the particle sizes at a time resolution of 2.5 min (120 s for an up-scan and 30 s for a retrace).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Mean Free Path
- Electrophoresis
- Condensation Particle Counter
- Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer