Testicular Regulation of Gonadotropin Microheterogeneity: Effects of Cryptorchidism
Tom O. Abney, Brooks A. Keel in The Cryptorchid Testis, 2020
Cryptorchidism is an anomaly in mammalian species in which one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum.1 Unilateral and bilateral forms of the anomaly have been reported in humans with sterility observed in 77 and 100% of individuals affected, respectively.2 While less than 2% of the human male population is naturally affected,3 cryptorchidism has been imposed experimentally in a variety of species to investigate the pathology of this disorder, including the incidence of neoplasms and dysfunctions within the germinal epithelial and interstitial compartments of the abdominal testis, and to evaluate the acute and chronic responses of these affected individuals to hormonal therapy4,5 and surgical repair, i.e., orchidopexy.6 This review on pituitary function in cryptorchid individuals, the feedback regulation of gonadotropin secretion by the abdominal testes, and pituitary gonadotropin microheterogeneity in cryptorchid individuals was prepared to complement the accompanying chapters of this book.
Test Paper 4
Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike in Get Through, 2017
Cryptorchidism is defined as complete or partial failure of the intra-abdominal testes to descend into the scrotal sac. The undescended testis may be positioned anywhere along the normal path of descent. The most common location is in the inguinal canal (72%), followed by prescrotal (20%). Simple testicular cysts are mostly found incidentally, non-palpable, in men above 40 years, located at the mediastinum testis. Testicular metastases are rare and a sign of advanced primary disease, mostly from the prostate (35%), lung (20%), melanoma, colon or kidney. They may appear discrete or diffusely infiltrate the parenchyma. Tubular ectasia of the rete testis is a benign condition resulting from partial or complete obliteration of the efferent ducts that cause ectasia of the rete testis. Germ cell tumours are the most common testicular malignancy.
The Reproductive System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Numerous other structures and cells exist within the testicles; for example, Sertoli cells may nourish developing sperm cells, and Leydig cells (interstitial cells) produce the male hormone androgen. Yet much of the medical terminology related to testicular function, disease, and treatment is derived from a few basic sources. The Greek word for testis is orchis, and the prefixes orchi-, orchio-, and orchido- refer to testes in such terms as orchidotomy (incision into the testis, usually for biopsy), orchidectomy (removal of the testis), orchitis (inflammation of the testis), orchidalgia (pain in the testicle), and cryptorchidism (failure of the testicle to descend into the scrotum; also called cryptorchism).
Testicular developmental impairment caused by flutamide-induced and DEHP-induced cryptorchid rat models is mediated by excessive apoptosis and deficient autophagy
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2018
Yi Wei, Yu Zhou, Xiang-Liang Tang, Bin Liu, Lian-Ju Shen, Chun-lan Long, Tao Lin, Da-wei He, Sheng-de Wu, Guang-hui Wei
Cryptorchidism is a common condition of childhood, and it is estimated to affect 1–4% of full-term and up to 30% of preterm male neonates (Berkowitz et al. 1993; Hutson et al. 1997; Chung and Brock 2011). The main reasons for treatment of cryptorchidism include increased risks of impairment of fertility potential, testicular malignancy, torsion and associated inguinal hernia (Sampaio and Favorito 1998; Kolon et al. 2014). The surgical therapy for the cryptorchidism is orchiopexy. However, the sperm concentration and total sperm count of patients underwent orchidopexy were also reported reduced (Kollin et al. 2012). While means the effective therapy and prevention of cryptorchidism is still poorly understood and underlying mechanisms of testicular impairment caused by cryptorchidism need further study.
Unsatisfactory testicular position after inguinal orchidopexy: Is there a role for upfront laparoscopy?
Published in Arab Journal of Urology, 2020
Ahmed Abdelhaseeb Youssef, Mahmoud Marei Marei, Mohamed Hamed Abouelfadl, Wesam Mohamed Mahmoud, Atef Salaheldin Abdulaziz Elbarawy, Tamer Yassin Mohamed Yassin
Cryptorchidism is the commonest urogenital congenital anomaly in males, with an incidence of 3–4% in full-term infants, reaching 30% in preterm boys and are more commonly found on the right side [1]. An undescended testis (UDT) can be clinically impalpable (20%) or palpable (80%) [2]. Within the context of age at presentation, the timing of surgery, and the situation of the contralateral testis, inguinal exploration is the mainstay of treatment for most infants with palpable UDT, reserving laparoscopy for impalpable cases and for palpable test is that cannot be brought to the scrotum without tension [3,4]. Laparoscopy for impalpable UDT was first introduced by Cortesi et al. [5] in 1976 for localisation of the testis before inguinal exploration [6,7]. Since then, laparoscopy has gained momentum and its role has expanded over the recent years [6]. Laparoscopy is currently the operation of choice for impalpable UDT.
Plasma concentration of MMP-1 and MMP-2 in boys with cryptorchidism and its lack of correlation with INSL3 and inhibin B
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2019
Ewa Matuszczak, Marta Diana Komarowska, Anna Sankiewicz, Łukasz Ołdak, Ewa Gorodkiewicz, Wojciech Debek, Robert Milewski, Marzena Tylicka, Adam Hermanowicz
Subjects in both groups – patients and controls, were age-matched. All boys had normal karyotypes 46XY. Among our patients with cryptorchidism, in 46 cases testicles were found in the inguinal pouch, two boys had their testes next to the external ring of inguinal canal, and in 2 boys undescended testes were found in the abdomen. Testes in boys with cryptorchidism were smaller compared to the controls (mean 1 cm vs. mean 1.5 cm in controls). The mean concentration of MMP-1 and MMP-2 in the blood plasma of boys with undescended testicles was nearly 2-times higher than in controls (Table 1, Figures 1 and 2) and the difference was statistically significant (mean values ± SD in ng/ml for MMP-1 were 9.3 ± 3.7 and 4.9 ± 2.1, and for MMP-2 were 103.1 ± 29 ± 1 and 67.3 ± 26.5 in patients and controls, respectively, p < .05). The great area under the ROC curve with the cut off value of 0.865 for MMP-1, and 0.819 for MMP-2, indicates the high clinical sensitivity and specificity of the test of plasma levels of MMP-1 and MMP-2 for boys with cryptorchidism (Figures 3 and 4). In our group of boys with cryptorchidism, we also found slightly lower concentrations of INSL3, without statistical significance, and without correlation with MMP-1 and MMP-2 levels (Table 1). We did not find statistically significant differences in the levels of inhibin B in the group of boys with cryptorchidism and boys with inguinal hernia, and there were no correlations between MMP-1 and MMP-2, and inhibin B in those groups (Table 1).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Femoral Canal
- Fertility
- Inguinal Canal
- Inguinal Hernia
- Perineum
- Kidney
- Orchiopexy
- Testicular Torsion
- Gonadal Agenesis
- Germ Cell Tumor