The Parasponia-Bradyrhizobium Symbiosis
Peter M. Gresshoff in Molecular Biology of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, 2018
The nodD gene product has been shown to bind specifically to a conserved sequence called the "nod box" found preceding all inducible nod operons.53 Since nodD also has some homology to other known regulatory proteins, such as lysR,25 which activate transcription via binding to DNA in the promoter region of an operon, nodD is suggested to activate transcription of nod operons in a similar fashion by binding to the "nod box". This conserved sequence is also found preceding the nodKABC operon in B. parasponia strain ANU289.29 Also, a mutant construct which deletes out half the nod box and a portion of nodK fails to nodulate Parasponia (Table 1, Figure 7). Taken together, these data suggest that the activation of nod gene transcription during Parasponia nodulation occurs in an analogous fashion to activation during legume nodulation.
Immunoglobulins
Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla in Textbook of Immunology, 2019
All genes have a promoter, a recognition site for RNA polymerase. A common motif in eukaryotic genes is an AT-rich group of about seven base pairs called the “TATA box” (Figure 4–6). In addition, the immunoglobulin promoters contain an octamer sequence (OCTA), and other regulatory sequences recognized by DNA-binding proteins. Within the promoters of ϰ and λ light chain genes, the TATA and OCTA sequences have been firmly established as regulatory elements. The role played by the other conserved sequence motifs is still being determined.
CRISPER Gene Therapy Recent Trends and Clinical Applications
Yashwant Pathak in Gene Delivery, 2022
In the interference phase, Cas–crRNA complex created as a result of the integration of Cas proteins to crRNA, detects the unknown MGEs via the Watson–Crick base pairing of sequences that are complementary to the crRNA, and thereby, the targeted element is subjected to cleavage. The presence of a small conserved sequence (2 to 5 bp) called protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) juxtaposed to the target site in the invading nucleic acid is essential for differentiation between self and non-self-nucleic acids by the Cas–crRNA complex [45, 46].
Assessment of de novo copy-number variations in Italian patients with schizophrenia: Detection of putative mutations involving regulatory enhancer elements
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2019
Giulio Piluso, Palmiero Monteleone, Silvana Galderisi, Teresa Giugliano, Alessandro Bertolino, Paola Rocca, Alessandro Rossi, Armida Mucci, Eugenio Aguglia, Ileana Andriola, Antonello Bellomo, Anna Comparelli, Francesco Gambi, Andrea Fagiolini, Carlo Marchesi, Rita Roncone, Emilio Sacchetti, Paolo Santonastaso, Alberto Siracusano, Paolo Stratta, Alfonso Tortorella, Luca Steardo, Paola Bucci, Vincenzo Nigro, Mario Maj
CREs elements have been conserved across species, and range from some hundred to few thousand base pairs (Bejerano et al. 2004). The detection of CNVs affecting these sequence motifs could be hampered by a size-dependent reduction in sensitivity and specificity of GWAS or whole-genome SNP-CGH array approaches (Zhang et al. 2011). We recently developed the Enhancer Chip (Savarese et al. 2012), a customised array CGH design that is specifically oriented to investigate CNVs in evolutionarily conserved genomic regions corresponding to putative enhancer sequence motifs. The Enhancer Chip not only allows the analysis of all the human genome with a 300-kb resolution, but also permits to investigate specific disease loci, including those related to psychiatric conditions, at a ten-fold higher resolution. In addition, it is also able to test, at high resolution, over 1,250 enhancer elements selected from the Vista Enhancer Browser (Visel et al. 2007). These evolutionarily conserved sequence motifs were experimentally validated for their capacity to drive, in vivo, the expression of a reporter gene in transgenic mouse embryos at day 11.5 (E11.5) in a well-established enhancer assay that links the human conserved fragment to a minimal mouse heat shock promoter fused to a lacZ reporter gene (Kothary et al. 1989; Nobrega et al. 2003; Pennacchio et al. 2006).
Environmental biomonitoring by snails
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Another family HSP-40 (Figure 7(D)) characterized by the presence of conserved J-domain and a C-terminus with molecular weight proteins ∼12 to 43 kDa (Mizrahi et al.2010). J-domain is a conserved sequence region containing 70 amino acids with higher glycine content. It plays for the regulation of ATPase activity and stimulating enzyme-dependent activity of HSP 70. The protein is well known for its hydrophobic interactions with other polypeptides in a dimeric form, which enables it to expand its conformational structure (Saibil 2013). C-terminus (cysteine-rich region) of this protein contains a few fragments known for peptide binding (Wu et al.2005). Temperature variations (∼20 to 3 °C) overexpress the HSP-70 in snails and other molluscs species which significantly helps in tolerating stressful conditions.
Lactic acid in macrophage polarization: The significant role in inflammation and cancer
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2022
Hai-cun Zhou, Wen-wen Yu, Xiao-qin Liang, Xiao-yan Du, Zhi-chang Liu, Jian-ping Long, Guang-hui Zhao, Hong-bin Liu
Lactic acid, both as a nutrient and a hormone-like signaling molecule, has the following characteristics: (i)energy-rich substrate, (ii)molecules capable of affecting epigenetics, and (iii)soluble hormones "sensed" by membrane receptors [16]. Signaling transduction induced by lactic acid is an important pathway in the human body [17]. These processes are mediated by receptors or transporters. The production of lactic acid mainly occurs in the cytoplasm and then it is secreted through the plasma membrane. This transport is mediated by lactate-dependent transmembrane protein (MCT) or sodium-dependent co-transport (SLC5A8, SlC5A12) [1,16]. There are four members of the MCT family, all of which share conserved sequence motifs, but their substrate specificity, transport rate and expression pattern are different. All MCTs can promote the import or export of lactate according to differences in concentration. However, several studies have determined that MCT4 is responsible for exporting lactate to extracellular space [18], and MCT1 regulates its transport across the plasma membrane in most lactate-producing tissues [1].
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