The Musculoskeletal System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
A dislocation, also known as a luxation (or when incomplete, a subluxation) occurs when two articulating surfaces become separated as a result of injury, associated disease, or a congenital disorder. It occurs most often in the shoulder joint and occasionally in the jaw. A sprain is the tearing of ligaments associated with sudden wrenching of a joint. This occurs most often in the ankle and is associated with loss of mobility and discoloration of the skin caused by hemorrhaging into the surrounding tissue. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) occurs when the wrist ligament compresses the median nerve where it passes (tunnels) between the ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist (carpus).
Abortion in the Hard Cases
Gary Seay, Susana Nuccetelli in Engaging Bioethics, 2017
Another type of congenital disorder is Down syndrome, which results from an extra chromosome or ‘trisomy’ for chromosome 21 (hence its alternative name, ‘Trisomy 21’). It is characterized not only by mental impairment ranging from mild to severe, but also by deficits such as hearing loss, difficulties in verbal expression, and higher risks of congenital heart disorders, leukemia, and gastrointestinal anomalies. As discussed in Chapter 9, parental fears of social stigma, negative implications for the psychological development of siblings, and the burdens of caring for an infant with Down syndrome were reasons fueling some controversial decisions to forgo life-saving treatment, which in turn prompted deep changes in legal and moral reasoning about end-of-life measures for such newborns. Today Down syndrome can be detected prenatally through screening and diagnostic tests. When the condition is diagnosed, about 90% of fetuses are aborted.3
The treatment of perinatal depression
Elaine A Hanzak in Another Twinkle in the Eye, 2017
Many women who become pregnant while taking antidepressants stop them. They may fear an adverse impact on the foetus, or may be advised to stop by a health professional. Deciding whether to stop or start an antidepressant in pregnancy should include an individual risk-benefit assessment. This should take into account the risk of relapse or recurrence and the impact of the untreated depression on a foetus if medication is stopped, versus any potential risk to the foetus by taking the drug. It should be noted that between two and three babies in every 100 are born with a birth defect even when no drugs are taken and that smoking or drinking excess alcohol may pose higher risks. The USA website www.mothertobaby.org has useful factsheets that can be downloaded on most of the antidepressants in use today.
The safety of metronidazole in pregnancy
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2021
Ozioma C. Nwosu, Kathaleen Bloom
On February 2, 2018, a search of PubMed and ProQuest was conducted using “peer review” and “English” as limiters. Keyword, Boolean and MeSH searching included the following terms: Newborn OR Infant OR Neonate OR Fetus (Line 1) AND, Maternal OR Mother OR pregna* (line 2) AND, Metronidazole OR Flagyl (line 3) AND, Congenital abnormality OR Congenital Anomaly OR Congenital disorder OR Fetal anomaly OR fetal defect (line 4). Only 3 articles were ultimately selected for inclusion in the review. One of the articles was a systematic review (Sheehy et al., 2015). A replication of their search strategies failed to uncover any studies that were not previously analyzed. Two articles by Muanda and colleagues were found by a third party. One of these articles (Muanda et al., 2017) addressed the link between antibiotic use during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion. The other addressed the link between antibiotic use in pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations. However, metronidazole was not one of the antibiotics considered so this study was excluded. Figure 1 depicts the flow of the search.
Modic changes and its association with other MRI phenotypes in east Anatolian low back pain patients
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2022
Low back pain (LBP) is an important global health problem and one of the leading causes of labor loss owing to limitations experienced by patients in performing activities of daily living.1,2 LBP is defined as pain, muscle tension, stiffness, and limitation of movement in the area between the 12th costal lower border and the lower gluteal folds. The cause of LBP has been identified in 5–10% of all cases. Common causes include trauma, congenital disorder, systemic disease, inflammation, infection, neoplasm, and issues related to metabolism.3 However, in many cases, it is difficult to establish a specific diagnosis. Pain and disability are the most important symptoms associated with nonspecific back pain. Despite the high prevalence of LBP, its pathophysiology has not been completely elucidated to date.
MiR-23b targets GATA6 to down-regulate IGF-1 and promote the development of congenital heart disease
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2022
Guo-Jin Huang, Xue-Liang Xie, Yong Zou
Congenital heart disease is the most common birth defect. The process of heart development involves the spatiotemporal specific expression of many related genes and the activation and precise regulation of many signal pathways (such as Notch, Wnt, and BMP pathway) to ensure the correct migration, proliferation, and differentiation of cardiomyocytes [24–26]. Abnormalities in any link of heart development will lead to the occurrence of CHD. MiR-23b possesses a variety of cellular functions, inclusive of cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Although studies have shown that the expression of miR-23b in the myocardium of CHD patients is up-regulated and may affect cardiomyocyte proliferation and apoptosis, the specific mechanism has not been elucidated before. In this research, we demonstrated that miR-23b can affect cardiomyocyte proliferation and apoptosis by regulating the expression of downstream genes.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Childbirth
- Chromosome Abnormality
- Degenerative Disease
- Developmental Disability
- Disability
- Intellectual Disability
- Metabolic Disorder
- Physical Disability
- Functional Disorder
- Genetic Disorder