The Reproductive System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
On either side of the labia minora are the labia majora (singular: labium majus), elevations of skin and fatty tela subcutanea, the loose connective tissue beneath the skin. When the legs are close together, the labia majora touch medially to form the pudendal cleft. The labia majora are homologous to the male scrotum and enclose and protect the other external genital organs. Superior to the pudendal cleft is the mons pubis (commonly called the pubic mound), a rounded elevation of tissue similar to the labia majora and covering the symphysis pubis (the joint of the pubic bones; symphysis = "growing together"). After puberty, the mons pubis and labia majora become covered with short coarse pubic hairs.
The development and disruption of feeding skills in babies and young children
Southall Angela in Feeding Problems in Children, 2017
There are a number of abnormalities of the oral, nasal and pharyngeal regions that may disrupt feeding. The most common of these are the various types of cleft of the lip and/or palate, which as a group occur in one in 600 births. As a general rule, cleft just of the lip alone does not cause great problems; indeed, mothers who wish to breastfeed these babies are often successful. Cleft palate occurs in various forms. These range from sub-mucous cleft where there is no obvious 'hole', as it is the underlying bone and muscle which has failed to fuse despite an intact mucosal layer, through unilateral cleft of the hard and/or soft palate to bilateral cleft, where the child has very little effective roof to the mouth. This lack of intact palate may affect the posture and function of the tongue and thus feeding efficiency. Without an efficient soft palate, which would normally elevate to close of the nose during sucking and swallowing, there is a tendency for food to enter the nose. Some cleft babies learn to direct milk backwards with relatively little leakage into the nose. Others are troubled by a very inefficient suck and marked nasal regurgitation, particularly of liquids.
Cleft Lip and Palate
Crystal D. Karakochuk, Kyly C. Whitfield, Tim J. Green, Klaus Kraemer in The Biology of the First 1,000 Days, 2017
Advances in molecular technology, and the identification of genes’ environmental interactions associated with cleft development, has allowed for hypothesis testing for prevention. Preventive measures include efforts toward avoiding maternal smoking and alcohol exposure, as well as anticonvulsants and other risk-related medications [33]. Genetic counseling is likely to be significant in terms of primary prevention. Reports have indicated that the molecular identification of mutations in certain genes, such as Msx1 and VWS, might deliver valuable information on the expected risk. Maternal supplementation, in particular with folic acid and other important micronutrients, such as zinc and vitamin B6, is recommended for prevention of clefts and other birth anomalies in newborns [8,28,33].
Cone beam computed tomography imaging of superior semicircular canal morphology: a retrospective comparison of cleft lip/palate patients and normal controls
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2018
Oğuzhan Altun, Suayip Burak Duman, Ibrahim Sevki Bayrakdar, Yasin Yasa, Sacide Duman, Sevcihan Günen Yılmaz
Cleft lip and palate (CL/P) is a common birth defect (∼9.1 cases per 10,000 births) and varies by ethnic group, geographical location and socioeconomic conditions [1]. A cleft palate is attributable to complete or incomplete assembly of the medial nasal prominence(s) on one or both sides [2]. A CL/P compromises hearing, speech and facial configuration. For several reasons, it is essential to explore the relationship between CL/P and other malformations. In addition, the association of CL/P with other congenital anomalies would increase our understanding of the embryogenic situation underlying the malformation [3]. Children with CL/P experience feeding difficulties, dental anomalies (e.g. tooth agenesis or supernumary teeth) and an increased risk of infection; they may also eventually develop speech and socio-psychological problems because they are stigmatized. A CL/P occurs more often in newborn males than females. Although facial regions near the cleft may experience delayed growth, surgical intervention allows individuals born with a CL/P to exhibit craniofacial, catch-up skeletal growth [4,5]. As a CL/P can affect maxillofacial bone structure, we explored whether semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) is more common in CL/P patients than normal controls.
Speech in 5-year-olds born with unilateral cleft lip and palate: a Prospective Swedish Intercenter Study
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2019
Kristina Klintö, Karin Brunnegård, Christina Havstam, Malin Appelqvist, Emilie Hagberg, Ann-Sofie Taleman, Anette Lohmander
This is the first article to report on speech outcome for children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) at 5 years of age, in a prospective longitudinal intercentre study including all cleft lip and palate (CLP) centres in Sweden. In Sweden, about 200 children are born with cleft palate ± lip every year [8]. The teams are multidisciplinary, and each of the six centres covers a regional area. All children are referred to the regional centre soon after birth, and followed up until the age of 19 with few families dropping out. The cleft surgery is carried out according to different methods at the centres. Currently, the cleft in the palate is closed in either one stage at 9–12 months or at ∼18 months, or in two stages, with soft palate closure at ∼6 months of age and hard palate closure at about 24 months. The age of 5 years is important for follow-up of speech, since our goal is good speech at the start of school at 6 years of age. We also know that typically developing children have mostly developed adult-like speech at the age of 5 years, except for simplification of /r/ and /s/ [9]. Therefore, in Sweden, 5 years of age has been agreed on for follow-up at all CLP centres.
Osteocalcin and regulatory cytokine imbalance in children with congenital cleft lip and palate
Published in Immunological Medicine, 2020
Irina Nesterova, Marina Mitropanova, Galina Chudilova, Lyudmila Lomtatidze
We studied the peripheral blood of 80 children with congenital cleft lip and palate (CCLP) and 40 conditionally healthy children. The studied group of patients had a distribution according to the type of cleft: total unilateral cleft lip and palate (n = 36), total bilateral cleft lip and palate (n = 16), cleft lip (n = 8), cleft palate (n = 20). The ethical committee of the university approved the study (approval no. 59 from 18 January 2018). Children with CCLP were divided into groups in accordance with their age and stage of medical rehabilitation: group 1–20 children from 0 to 12 months before surgical rehabilitation; group 2–20 children from 1 to 3 years old in preparation for veloplasty (soft palate plastic), or primary uranoplasty (hard palate plastic); group 3–20 children from 4 to 9 years old – late stage uranoplasty, orthodontic rehabilitation, group 4–20 children from 10 to 15 years old – primary auto-osteoplasty, removal of temporary and permanent teeth according to orthodontic indications, compactosteotomy (surgical procedure for violating the integrity of the alveolar bone by perforating the bone). The control groups were conditionally healthy children of the corresponding age ranges (n = 10 in each group).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Birth Defect
- Obesity
- Otitis Media
- Palate
- Nasal Cavity
- Lip
- Prenatal Development
- Risk Factor
- Smoking & Pregnancy
- Diabetes & Pregnancy