Genetics
Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple in Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
RNA translation to protein (cytoplasm)Mediated by transfer RNAs (tRNAs).mRNA are ‘coding’ RNAs – translated into proteins.microRNA are ‘non-coding’ RNAs– not translated → modulate protein expression by annealing to mRNA:The 5' end of miRNA binds to the 3' end of mRNA.miRNA‒mRNA pair recruits a silencing complex: RNA induced silencing complex (RISC) → the fate of mRNA depends on the complementation.‘Perfect complementation’→ mRNA degradation.‘Imperfect complementation’ → altered translation of mRNA (may lead to oncogenesis).
Mother and Embryo Cross Communication during Conception
Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio in Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Infertility is common, with ~12% of women in the United States being unable to conceive [14] Only half of women are infertile due to endometriosis and in others the etiology is unknown [15]. Approximately 1.6% of all births in the United States result from in vitro fertilization (IVF) [16]. According to the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), more than 8 million babies have been born from IVF, since the world's first in 1978 [17]. A more thorough understanding of such mechanisms is required to enhance pregnancy success rates in fertility clinics, improving assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), such as IVF. This review attempts to summarize the knowledge of factors implicated in the communication between the embryo and the mother during the conception stage. We start with presenting several important circulating factors, including hormones, cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles carrying various signaling material, such as microRNA (miRNA). We continue with describing the genetic and epigenetic response to circulating factors in the uterus and placenta. In this chapter, we will cover relevant literature relevant to embryo and mother cross-communication.
Germ Cell Tumors of the Central Nervous System
David A. Walker, Giorgio Perilongo, Roger E. Taylor, Ian F. Pollack in Brain and Spinal Tumors of Childhood, 2020
Additionally, microRNAs, which are non-protein-coding RNAs, represent a promising area of transcriptomic investigation. Following early microRNA studies in gonadal GCTs,40,41 universal overexpression of the oncogenic miR-371~373 and miR-302/367 clusters in all malignant GCTs was demonstrated, regardless of patient age, tumor site (gonadal and extragonadal, including CNS), and histological subtype42 (Figure 16.5). Importantly, levels of microRNAs from the miR-371~373 and miR-302/367 clusters are also elevated in the serum at the time of malignant GCT diagnosis,43–47 including in the serum/CSF in CNS GCT cases48,49 (Figure 16.6). Measuring such levels provides greater sensitivity and specificity for detecting malignant GCTs than AFP/HCG and thus may represent a universal non-invasive biomarker. The technical issues that now need to be addressed for quantifying serum/CSF microRNA levels for routine clinical use are reviewed elsewhere.50–52
miR-136 improves renal fibrosis in diabetic rats by targeting down-regulation of tyrosine kinase SYK and inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway
Published in Renal Failure, 2020
Lei Liu, Xinlu Pang, Wenjun Shang, Guiwen Feng, Zhigang Wang, Junxiang Wang
MicroRNA is a non-coding single-stranded RNA related to many pathophysiological processes. Recent studies have shown that in vivo and in vitro, renal innate cells can induce the expression of some microRNA, which promotes the accumulation of ECM associated with renal fibrosis and renal dysfunction [15,16]. Strong data from mouse experiments on kidney phenotypes suggest that some microRNAs are involved in kidney dysfunction [17,18]. Evidences for these phenotypic changes included podocyte-specific Dicer deletion, proteinuria, podocyte fusion, podocyte apoptosis, glomerulosclerosis, and TIF with renal failure [19–21]. miR-136, one of the well-known tumor suppressor, mediates the potential function of renal cell carcinoma [22], however, the regulatory network of SYK/TGF-β1/Smad3 and miR-136 in the pathogenesis of DN remains largely unknown and needs further investigation.
Pathogenesis of antiphospholipid syndrome: recent insights and emerging concepts
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2019
Karl J. Lackner, Nadine Müller-Calleja
Closely related to the topic of extracellular vesicles is the role of microRNA in APS which has attracted growing attention, recently. The available literature on this topic is still quite limited and most of it is based on the work of one research group [72–74]. The initial work focused on two microRNAs interfering with expression of tissue factor, i.e. miR-19b and miR-20a [72]. Downregulation of these microRNAs was observed in monocytes from APS patients and was shown in vitro to increase expression of tissue factor. In the meantime, further work has been published. The approaches vary somewhat, but basically investigators first identified candidate microRNAs by in silico method-based pathway analysis. These were either directly analyzed or compared to differentially regulated microRNAs identified by RNA-sequencing. MicroRNA was quantified ex vivo in plasma or circulating white blood cells. It should be noted that plasma depending on the isolation procedure may contain microvesicles carrying microRNA. Furthermore, microRNA was also quantified in vitro in aPL stimulated cell culture supernatants. Thus, there is substantial experimental heterogeneity in the available data. This is also reflected in quite heterogeneous findings in the different approaches. Table 1 summarizes the available data [72–75]. At present the most promising candidates in our view are miR-20a and miR-19b which affect tissue factor expression and show consistent behavior ex vivo in cells and plasma as well as in vitro in stimulated cell supernatants.
Alteration in microRNA-155 level correspond to severity of coronary heart disease
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2018
Accumulating evidence depicted that microRNA have long been recognized to make a substantial contribution in various biological processes, in particular, several microRNAs were believed to be associated with cardiovascular diseases and shown to take part in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis [2]. MiRNAs are found not only in tissues, but also in body fluid including serum. Circulating microRNAs remain in stable forms and they are resistant to endogenous RNase. Therefore, the signatures of microRNA in circulation can be useful in diagnosis, therapeutic efficacy and prognosis [3]. MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) is expressed in diverse cells, including monocyte/macrophages and smooth muscle cells [4], and it has recently been regarded as a novel component of inflammatory signal transduction in atherosclerotic lesion [5]. When the balance breaks down due to alteration in miR-155 level, the increase of inflammation under pathological conditions may lead to atherosclerosis and even cardiac dysfunction [6].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Gene Silencing
- Nucleotide
- Polyadenylation
- Ribosome
- Messenger Rna
- NON-Coding Rna
- Rna Silencing
- Regulation of Gene Expression
- Base Pair
- Translation