Other Negative Single-Stranded RNA Viruses
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier in Virus-Like Particles, 2022
It should be noted, however, that Chang WS et al. (2019) described some HDV-like viruses in metagenomic samples from birds and snakes, which might use other helper viruses for generating infectious virion particles. This idea is strongly supported by recent studies showing that human HDV can replicate with the assistance of helper viruses other than HBV, such as vesiculoviruses, flaviviruses, and hepaciviruses (Perez-Vargas et al. 2019). In particular, hepatitis C virus (HCV) from the family Flaviviridae, order Amarillovirales (Chapter 22), was able to propagate HDV infection in the liver of coinfected humanized mice for several months (Perez-Vargas et al. 2019). Anyway, HDV remains the only known circular RNA virus, and it could be regarded as potentially originating from the human genome (Salehi-Ashtiani et al. 2006).
Differential Genetic Diagnosis between Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma
Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio in Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Recently, the concept of a “liquid biopsy” has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative to surgical biopsies for solid tumors that harbor highly recurrent mutations, avoiding tumor-tissue sampling before and after treatment (62). Liquid biopsy is typically accomplished through withdrawal of a blood sample or other body fluids to provide tumor-specific information from circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and/or circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) or RNA (cfRNA) (63–65). All these factors are present in peripheral blood, escaping from apoptotic or necrotic cells of primary tumors and releasing DNA/RNA fragments into the circulation in different forms, including mRNA, miRNA, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) (66), and circular RNA (circRNA) (67,68). Similarly, tumor-educated platelets—blood platelets of cancer patients that contain RNA biomarkers derived from the tumor—have been studied in many different cancer types (e.g., breast, lung, ovary) and show advantages over other liquid biopsy sources due to their abundance and ease of isolation, among other features (69) (Figure 25.4).
Placental development and omics
Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos in New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
Progress in genome sequencing technologies has facilitated investigation of the transcriptome (all expressed RNA species) using microarrays platforms and next-generation sequencing such as RNAseq. Implementation of these techniques has identified novel species of RNA, i.e., micro-RNA, noncoding RNA, and circular RNA (reviewed in [14]). The human placenta exhibits unique patterns of exon splicing and greater than fourfold enrichment for more than 800 genes compared to other human tissues (15). A large proportion of placental transcriptome is organized into distinct modules of coexpressed genes, some of which are preserved across gestation (16). In term pregnancy, the two main clusters of genes whose expression is modified by maternal diabetes encode proteins regulating metabolic/energy sensing and inflammation (17). Within the metabolic cluster, the majority (67%) of the alterations impact genes in lipid pathways, and only a minority (9%) modifies glucose pathways. Placental pro-inflammatory genes upregulated by diabetes were related to macrophage activation (cytokines and chemokines) and innate immune pathways, including the family of toll-like receptors (TLRs) that sense energy substrates and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (17). These gene clusters are enriched in the placenta of both pregestational type 1 diabetes and GDM, with only subtle differences between the two pathologies. Compared to GDM, type 1 diabetes mellitus induced fewer lipid modifications but enhanced glycosylation and acylation pathways (17–19). The amplitude of the gene regulation is influenced by disease duration, obesity, parity, glucose serum levels, and the use of medications, such as metformin (20).
Circulating circular RNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis of essential hypertension with carotid plaque
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2022
Zebo Zhang, Haiyan Qian, Zhenbo Tao, Yanqing Xie, Shuai Zhi, Liufang Sheng, Wenming He, Lina Zhang
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a class of RNA molecules that is characterized by closed-loop structure (3). Depending on whether they can be translated, circRNAs can be divided into noncoding circRNAs and coding circRNAs (4,5). Accumulating evidence indicates that circRNAs are critical contributors to human diseases (6), such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorder, autoimmune disease, and metabolic disease. A well-elucidated mechanism of circRNAs was that certain circRNAs in the cytoplasm could function as microRNA (miRNA) decoys that sequester miRNAs and thus prevent them from binding and suppressing their target mRNAs (7). Moreover, due to their characteristics of stability, specificity, abundance, and conservation, circRNAs are of potential clinical relevance and utility. In particular, these molecules hold promise as good noninvasive diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for diseases, which is underscored by their detectability in liquid biopsy samples such as in plasma, saliva, and exosomes (8,9).
Circ_0020093 Overexpression Alleviates Interleukin-1 Beta-induced Inflammation, Apoptosis and Extracellular Matrix Degradation in Human Chondrocytes by Targeting the miR-181a-5p/ERG Pathway
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Circular RNA (circRNA), a kind of non-coding RNA (ncRNA), has a covalent closed-loop structure (Qu et al. 2015). As a research hotspot, circRNA has been defined as promising biomarkers in a variety of human diseases, which is attributed to their high stability (Zhang 2018). The development of high-throughput sequencing has provided a basis for the study of circRNAs in human diseases, which has identified several aberrant expressed circRNAs in pathological tissues, cells or body fluids (Xu et al. 2018). As for OA, several differential expressed circRNAs have been identified by using RNA sequencing in OA synovium samples from knee joints and normal control synovium samples (Xiang and Li 2019). Moreover, the dysregulation of circRNAs was involved in the regulation of IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injuries. For example, circRNA ciRS-7 was downregulated in OA blood samples and IL-1β-treated chondrocyte, and ciRS-7 knockdown promoted the production of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), but aggravated apoptosis in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes (Zhou et al. 2019). In this study, we focused on a novel circRNA, circ_0020093, which was suggested to be down-regulated in OA cartilage tissues (Shen et al. 2019). However, its function has not been explored in OA.
Circ_SETD3 regulates gefitinib sensitivity and tumor progression by miR-873-5p-dependent regulation of APPBP2 in non-small cell lung cancer
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2022
Jun Sheng, Leyi Liu, Ting Dong, Xiang Wu
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a widespread noncoding RNA that forms a covalently closed loop structure [6]. CircRNA is abundant and stable and is expressed in a tissue-specific pattern, which make circRNA a reliable biomarker for various diseases, including cancers [7]. The published evidences showed that circRNA was an important molecular regulator in the biological processes of cancer cells [8, 9]. Currently, multiple data have exhibited that circRNA is involved in acquired chemotherapy resistance of NSCLC [10–12]. For example, circ_0076305 enhanced cisplatin resistance of NSCLC cells via sponging microRNA-296-5p (miR-296-5p) [13]. Circ_0011292 improved paclitaxel resistance by repressing miR-379-5p in NSCLC cells [14]. Wen et al. identified circRNA SET domain containing 3, actin histidine (circ_SETD3) (circ_0000567) as a crucial regulator in the development of acquired gefitinib resistance in NSCLC [15]; however, little was known about the inner mechanism.