Characterization of Phyto-Constituents
Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg in Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
In the early 1980s, capillary electrophoresis (CE) was developed as a powerful analytical and separation device. It detects the purity/complexity of a sample and can deal with every kind of charged components of sample from simple inorganic ions to DNA. Thusly, the utilization of fine electrophoretic techniques expanded in the investigation of natural drugs in last past years. The working of CE examination can be performed by electric field worked in tight cylinders which prompts division of numerous mixes. The separation of different charged components caused due to applied voltage in between buffer filled capillaries which generates the production of ions depending on their mass and charge ratio. Frequently used electrophoresis techniques are capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), and capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF). CE is the most proficient strategy utilized for the division and investigation of modest number of analytes with excellent partition capacity. In the meantime it has comparative specialized qualities as that of liquid chromatography; anyway it is a superior technique for building up the chemical fingerprints of the natural medications.
Fingerprinting Techniques for Herbal Drugs Standardization
Ravindra Kumar Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Amber Vyas, Vishal Jain, Parag Jain, Shailendra Saraf in Fingerprinting Analysis and Quality Control Methods of Herbal Medicines, 2018
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was introduced in the early 1980s as a powerful analytical and separation technique and has since been developed almost explosively. It allows an efficient way to document the purity/complexity of a sample and can handle virtually every kind of charged sample components ranging from simple inorganic ions to DNA. Thus, there has been an obvious increase of electrophoretic methods, especially capillary electrophoresis, used in the analysis of herbal medicines in the last decades. The more or less explosive development of capillary electrophoresis since its introduction has to a great extent paralleled that of liquid chromatography. The techniques most often used are capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), and capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF). CE is promising for the separation and analysis of active ingredients in herbal medicines, since it needs only small amounts of standards and can analyze samples rapidly with very good separation ability. Also, it is a good tool for producing the chemical fingerprints of the herbal medicines, since it has similar technical characteristics as liquid chromatography. Recently, several studies dealing with herbal medicines have been reported and two kinds of medicinal compounds, that is, alkaloids and flavonoids, have been studied extensively (Yang and Smetena, 1995).
Drug Monitoring by Capillary Electrophoresis
Steven H. Y. Wong, Iraving Sunshine in Handbook of Analytical Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology, 2017
A praiseworthy aspect of capillary electrophoresis (CE) is its high mass sensitivity which is based upon the small (pL to nL) injection volume used. Although special injection procedures from 0.1 μL of sample52 or from a single cell53 have been developed in researchers laboratories, sample vials typically holding hundreds of μL sample are employed with both conventional and chip-based instrumentation. With current commercial systems, a minimum of 10 to 20 μL sample is required, thus permitting the analysis of samples which are already quite small to be pretreated, including serum samples of prematurely born infants,33 droplets of tears, sweat, etc. Further commercial developments will lead to the application of even smaller sample volumes, such as those required for drug monitoring in submicroliter sample volumes, including those encountered in single cells and after collection of airway surface fluid.
Analytical techniques for multiplex analysis of protein biomarkers
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Alain Van Gool, Fernado Corrales, Mirjana Čolović, Danijela Krstić, Begona Oliver-Martos, Eva Martínez-Cáceres, Ivone Jakasa, Goran Gajski, Virginie Brun, Kyriacos Kyriacou, Izabela Burzynska-Pedziwiatr, Lucyna Alicja Wozniak, Stephan Nierkens, César Pascual García, Jaroslav Katrlik, Zanka Bojic-Trbojevic, Jan Vacek, Alicia Llorente, Felicia Antohe, Viorel Suica, Guillaume Suarez, Ruben t’Kindt, Petra Martin, Deborah Penque, Ines Lanca Martins, Ede Bodoki, Bogdan-Cezar Iacob, Eda Celikbas, Suna Timur, John Allinson, Christopher Sutton, Theo Luider, Saara Wittfooth, Marei Sammar
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a collective term representing a number of electrokinetic separation techniques performed in narrow bore capillaries or microchips. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is widely used for the separation of charged species based on differences in their charge density. CE offers an outstanding separation efficiency for peptides and small proteins, being complementary with liquid chromatographic (LC) separations, both in ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ proteomics. Interfacing CE to MS has matured into a robust clinical investigational tool in several disease areas [120], offering fast separations with good analytical sensitivities in protein biomarker analysis [121]. The most popular interface of CZE-MS coupling is via electrospray ionization (ESI). Both sheath-flow and sheath-less interface designs are employed. To circumvent significant sheath liquid-mediated sample dilution and the limited sample loading capacity of CE, tapered emitters operating in the nanospray regime not only support lower flow rates of the sheath liquid, but also contribute to better desolvation, enhanced sensitivity, and better salt tolerance [122]. Miniaturization to a single microchip (MCE) with the use of an electrophoretic step prior to biomarker detection may lead to an attractive clinical diagnostic tool [123].
Foodomics for human health: current status and perspectives
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2018
Daniela Braconi, Giulia Bernardini, Lia Millucci, Annalisa Santucci
In proteomics, gel-based and gel-free approaches (through different chromatographic or capillary electrophoretic techniques) are valuable tools for the separation and characterization of protein profiles. In gel-based approaches, proteins are generally separated by mono- (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), typically coupled to MS for protein identification [19]. Specific enrichment protocols are available to investigate low-abundance protein repertoires [27,38]. 2D-PAGE is the most used tool: although providing important information on relative protein abundance and PTMs, it suffers the main limitations of being expensive, time-consuming, and providing poor separation of acidic, basic, and hydrophobic proteins [39]. Capillary electrophoresis is a versatile technology providing fast and highly efficient separations, requiring low volumes of reagents and samples [40]. Poor sensitivity is its main limitation, although improvements can be obtained by pre-concentration steps and coupling to MS detectors [8].
Applied capillary electrophoresis system affects screening for monoclonal gammopathy in serum: verification study of two eight-capillary systems
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2022
Dragana Šegulja, Tajana Šparakl, Dunja Rogić
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) in buffer-filled capillaries by application of high voltage allows rapid and automated protein separation and produces digital absorbance data appropriate for mathematical analysis [2]. Although a modern, technically improved combination of coupling CZE with mass spectrometer is available, a technique routinely used in clinical laboratories integrates unique features of gel electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography with photometry and allows the separation and relative quantification of serum proteins in at least five fractions: the albumin, alpha-1, alpha-2, beta and gamma globulin fractions [3,4]. The technique conditions significantly affect resolution but the main additional force that improves resolution of capillary electrophoresis is electroosmotic flow [5].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chemical Compound
- Electrical Mobility
- Gel Electrophoresis
- Isoelectric Focusing
- Ph
- Electrophoresis
- Isotachophoresis
- Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography
- Electrolyte
- Electro-Osmosis