Power and power endurance: the explosive sports
Nick Draper, Helen Marshall in Exercise Physiology, 2014
Adenine is one of five nucleic acid bases, illustrated in Figure 9.3, which are fundamental to cell structure and functioning. Nucleotides and nucleic acids are the other major class of nitrogen containing metabolites alongside amino acids and proteins (the nitrogen component in amino acids was described in more detail in Chapter 2). These five bases are common to every cell in the body and form essential components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA – our genetic coding) and ribonucleic acid (RNA – formed from DNA during transcription) which are found in the nucleus of every cell and used as the blueprint for its creation, development and functioning. If you have read anything about, or seen any illustrations of, DNA or RNA you may have seen the letters ACGT in DNA coding and ACGU in RNA coding, with these letters representing the five bases. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil form the basis for the structure of DNA and RNA.
Micronutrient Supplementation and Ergogenesis — Metabolic Intermediates
Luke Bucci in Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise, 2020
Adenine, however, is well absorbed from the diet and incorporated into nucleotides in vivo.589 Adenine is also commonly used to preserve stored erythrocytes,590 and was named vitamin B4 until its nonessentiality was proven.553 Sublingual and parenteral administration of adenosine and adenosine phosphates by German clinicians have been reported to lower serum cholesterol,591 improve angina and atherosclerotic senility,591 and prevent recurrence of secondary myocardial infarcts.592 However, no reports of oral adenine or adenosine supplementation on athletic performance have been found. In addition, adenine supplementation may lead to renal tubular damage caused by formation of the insoluble metabolite 2,8-dihydroxyadenine, as has been seen in dogs.593 In conclusion, the mechanism of action of purine supplements as ergogenic aids may deserve further study in animals, but potential toxicities may render human testing and use hazardous. At this time, no guidelines for use of inosine or other nucleotides as ergogenic aids are apparent.
Bone Regeneration Effect of Cassia occidentalis Linn. Extract and Its Isolated Compounds
Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay in Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Cassia, 2021
Purinergic signalling modulates inflammatory and immune responses via extracellular adenine, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine. During inflammation, these extracellular biomolecules of purinergic signaling are regulated in immune cells by membrane-bound enzymes including ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E‐NTPDase) that breaks down ATP and ADP to AMP (Yegutkin, 2008) and ectoadenosine deaminase (E‐ADA) that is responsible for the removal of extracellular by deamination of adenosine and 2′‐deoxyinosine (Latini and Pedata, 2001). The activity of E‐NTPDase was increased and E‐ADA was decreased in the lymphocytes of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis, and oral quercetin treatment to arthritic rats reversed these changes along with the mitigation of arthritic scores. Serum adenosine level was higher in the arthritis rats compared to disease-free rats and quercetin significantly decreased this level. This report showed that the immunomodulatory effect of quercetin in arthritis involves the modulation of purinergic signaling (Saccol et al., 2019).
Chromosome aberration in typical biological systems under exposure to low- and high-intensity magnetic fields
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2020
Emanuele Calabrò, Hit Kishore Goswami, Salvatore Magazù
Chromosomes are molecules composed of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that represents the genetic material of a living being. In human beings, there are 22 pairs of chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes for a total of 46. DNA is an organic polymer composed of monomers that are called nucleotides. They consist of a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base linked to deoxyribose by the so-called N-glycoside bond. The nitrogenous bases that can be used in nucleotide formation are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine disposed in base pairs of adenine-thymine (A-T) and guanine-cytosine (G-C) that in aqueous solutions are linked one each other by hydrogen bonds forming a double helix structure because of the repulsions between the negative charge of phosphate groups. This double helix structure is bound to proteins (the histones) that have positively charged amino acids in order to bind the DNA which is negatively charged and is wrapped around the core of histone of eight protein subunits forming the nucleosome. About 200 base pairs of DNA are coiled around each histone. This coil is untwisted generating a negative superturn per nucleosome that is the active chromatin.
In silico molecular docking and in vitro antioxidant activity studies of novel α-aminophosphonates bearing 6-amino-1,3-dimethyl uracil
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2020
Rasool Shaik Nayab, Suresh Maddila, Murthy Potla Krishna, Salam J.J. Titinchi, Basha Shaik Thaslim, Venkataramaiah Chintha, Rajendra Wudayagiri, Venkateswarlu Nagam, Vijaya Tartte, Sampath Chinnam, Naga Raju Chamarthi
The uracil is one of the most prominent structures found in nucleic acid chemistry. Uracil derivatives play a key role as intermediates in the synthesis of purines [5], which constitute the basic nucleus of a number of medicinally active molecules such as caffeine (1), penciclovir (2), theobromine (3), theophylline (4) and uramustine (5) depicted in Figure 1. It is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA. In RNA, uracil binds to adenine via two hydrogen bonds. In DNA, the uracil nucleobase is replaced by thymine. Uracils are considered as privileged structures in drug discovery with a wide variety of biological activities [6] such as anti-viral [6], anti-tumour [7], anti-oxidant [8], anti-protozoal [9], anti-microbial [10], anti-angiogenesis [11] and anti-tuberculosis [12] agents. Further, they also possess herbicidal, insecticidal and bactericidal activities [13].
siRNA: an alternative treatment for diabetes and associated conditions
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2019
Pravin Shende, Chirag Patel
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) consists of a single stranded linear structure has crucial role in regulation and expression of specific gene and also stores genetic information. RNA structure consists of four ribonucleotide base pairs namely, adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil in which purines like adenine and guanine binds which complementary pyridines like uracil and cytosine, respectively [8]. RNA is classified into three types, messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) which are involved in protein synthesis in human body, whereas RNA like short interfering RNA (siRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA) are mainly involved in regulation and expression of genes. Both siRNA and miRNA are similar in their structure as well as in their function of silencing and regulation of gene expression by binding with complementary messenger RNA (Figure 2). In contrast, they differ in their mechanism of action and also siRNA targets only one specific mRNA while miRNA has multiple complementary targets [9].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Biochemistry
- Cellular Respiration
- Cytosine
- DNA
- Nucleic Acid
- Nucleobase
- Purine
- Thymine
- Guanine
- Adenosine Triphosphate