Viral Infections
Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang in Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Clinical presentation: Common warts (verrucae vulgaris) are most commonly found on the hands but can be anywhere on the skin. Meat handlers (butchers) and fish handlers have a high incidence of verrucae on their hands. Warts begin as skin-colored smooth papules and progress into gray-brown hyperkeratotic, exophytic growths (Figure 7.7). Growths characteristically have black dots (thrombosed dilated capillaries) on the surface, which hemorrhage into the stratum corneum. Such viral infections can also be transmitted through close contact. Different presentations include filiform and digitate warts, which are skin-colored projections with small spikes coming from a narrow or broad base (Figure 7.8). They are most commonly found on the scalp and around the mouth, eyes, and nose.
Sensory organs
Aida Lai in Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
= acute inflammation of middle ear Causes: – viral infectionSymptoms: – conductive deafness– severe painComplications: – spread to mastoid boneManagement: – antibiotics
HIV and Exercise
James M. Rippe in Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
The stage known as primary HIV infection (PHI) is best defined as the time between acute viral transmission lasting anywhere from two to six weeks until the onset of antibody production.5 Current evidence indicates a massive CD4+ cell depletion occurring at mucosal sites within two to three days following viral transmission. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, Piatak and colleagues indicated that viral reproduction was capable of reaching 106 or 107 viral particles/mL of plasma within the first two weeks of transmission.6,7 At the onset of viral infection, symptoms generally appear anywhere within a few days to a couple of weeks. The majority of persons newly infected (70%) experience mild forms of symptoms generally associated with common colds, the flu, or stomach viruses. Due to the initial symptoms being mild in nature and the fact the PHI is short in duration, the initial infection often goes unnoticed until more severe symptoms appear, causing the person to seek medical attention. It is believed that the severity of the initial symptoms and how the immune system reacts are indications for disease progression.
The roles of epidermal growth factor receptor in viral infections
Published in Growth Factors, 2022
Viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents that reply on living cells to multiply. They are made up of nucleic acid genomes, either DNA or RNA, which are surrounded by a protective protein coat known as capsid (Ryu 2017). Viral infection involves a sequence of events including the attachment and uptake of virus into the host cells, viral gene expression and replication by usurping cellular machinery, assembly of viral proteins and genome to form progeny virions which subsequently egress from the host cells. Newly synthesised virions may infect neighbouring susceptible cells at the site of initial entry and cause localised infection. Alternatively, virus may disseminate to other parts of the body via lymphatic or haematogenous routes and cause systemic infection (Burrell, Howard, and Murphy 2017; Fenner et al. 1987).
The novel target:exosoms derived from M2 macrophage
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2021
Yuyang Hou, Yuntong Liu, Shu Liang, Ru Ding, Shuqian Mo, Dongmei Yan, Dong Li
Viral infection is a highly contagious disease that spreads quickly [41]. Since the twentieth century, from the "Spanish Flu" in 1918 to the recent coronavirus pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2, viral infection has become a major public health problem on the global scale. Studies found that exosomes and viruses have highly similar characteristics in intracellular morphological structure and intercellular release or absorption, meanwhile exosomes are involved in both intracellular and intercellular replication and transmission of viruses (Table 1). These have shown that the synthesis of viral genetic materials in infected cells and the reproduction of progeny are cross-linked to the biogenesis mechanism of exosomes, which transfer the viral genetic materials from infected cells to surrounding normal cells [46,47], at the same time, it can directly regulate the immune response under the condition of virus infection [41, 47]. High mutation of HA (Hyaluronic acid, HA) protein often leads to immune escape when the human infected with virus, so there is no specific vaccine with high efficiency and low toxicity, therefore an emerging molecular therapy is urgently needed to make up for the short board of traditional anti-virus currently.
Design and statistical optimisation of emulsomal nanoparticles for improved anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of N-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)-carboxamido candidates: in vitro and in silico studies
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy, Dalia S. El-Gamil, Rabeh El-Shesheny, Marwa Sharaky, Radwan Alnajjar, Omnia Kutkat, Yassmin Moatasim, Mohamed Elagawany, Sara T. Al-Rashood, Faizah A. Binjubair, Wagdy M. Eldehna, Ayman M. Noreddin, Mohamed Y. Zakaria
Since its emergence in late 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic (caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) has gained global attention due to its significant mortality and morbidity with over 661 million confirmed cases and almost 6.7 million deaths (https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/)1. In the initial stages of the viral infection, symptoms are commonly mild and include fever, myalgia, and dry cough. At more advanced stages of the disease, pulmonary symptoms such as dyspnoea and hypoxia develop2. Although the viral load usually subsides by that time, the condition of some patients worsens due to an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response (or a cytokine storm), resulting in long-term or life-threatening implications on lung tissues and other organs3.