The Reproductive System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Infections are among the most common of the diseases affecting the reproductive system, notable among them being the sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Formerly, STDs were known primarily by the term venereal disease (VD), indicating that they are transmitted during coitus, yet other sexual activity (as well as several other mechanisms) may transmit these infections, so the term STD has become the standard in the medical community. According to the World Health Organization, STDs are the most common communicable diseases in the world and include a large number of etiologic organisms and a variety of symptoms. In the United States, many of the STDs must legally be reported to health officials, as must several other contagious diseases. Statistics are maintained for these reportable diseases by the Centers for Disease Control, and state and local officials usually investigate and "track" cases to find and treat other individuals who are infected.
The reproductive system
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella in Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
The actual symptoms associated with various STDs will vary depending upon the organism that is responsible. General symptoms of STD include: Sores, lesions, or bumps associated with the penis or vaginaAbnormal discharge from the penis or vaginaPainful urination or intercourseAbdominal painVaginal bleeding
HIV Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics
James Chin, Jeffrey Koplan in The AIDS Pandemic, 2018
HIV prevalence estimates in Table 5.2 were those published by UNAIDS/WHO in the July, 2002 Global report on HIV/AIDS.30 Estimates of several curable STD were developed by the HIV/STI unit of WHO for 1999.31Table 5.2 shows a general concordance between HIV prevalence and a calculated STD index. The East Asia-Pacific region has the lowest STD prevalence rate, the lowest STD index as well as the lowest estimated HIV prevalence rate, while SSA had the highest values for these rates. The estimated STD prevalence rate in SSA was 17 times greater than the estimated STD prevalence rate in East Asia and the Pacific region. This indicates that sexual risk behaviors in SSA are significantly higher than in East Asia and the Pacific and so suggests that HIV prevalence in this latter region will not reach the high levels currently present in many SSA countries. The combined Caribbean and Latin America region in this table obscures the probably higher STD rates in the Caribbean; the STD rate in Eastern Europe may be overestimated. If STD rates in Eastern Europe are really that high, extensive heterosexual HIV spread may be expected if these STD rates are accurate and remain high.
A Novel Quantitative Assessment Method of Disease Activity in Susac’s Syndrome Based on Ultra-Wide Field Imaging
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
T. Hamann, M. Wiest, W. Innes, S. Zweifel
In OCTA qualitative assessment including heat maps displaying the scaled intensity of summed flow signal by colour code was performed using the swept-source Plex Elite 9000 device and accompanying software (Zeiss, Germany). Every patient underwent 3 × 3 mm macular scans centered on the fovea. Where patient compliance allowed, 15 × 9 mm scans and panoramic reconstructions produced by the instrument software were acquired. En face 3 × 3 mm images of the retinal vasculature were generated from the superficial and deep capillary plexus (SCP and DCP) after automatic projection artifact removal (PAR), provided by the manufacturer (Zeiss, Germany) was applied. Quantitative analysis of the Vessel density (VD) and vessel length density (VLD) were conducted only if the signal strength was 8 or higher. VD and VLD were evaluated in all patients. VD represents the ratio of the area of the analyzed segmentation slab covered by vessels in a binarized image, VLD represents the total length of vessels in the analyzed segmentation slab in mm per mm2 (= mm−1) (Figure 2). The plexus information used in the image J (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA) analysis was based on the OCTA 3 × 3 mm scans of the DCP and SCP and executed utilizing a threshold algorithm for binarization, as previously described.11,12 Quantitative OCTA evaluation of healthy individuals was performed accordingly. The data of the individual ScS patients was compared to a norm population, matched by sex, as well as age and sex (supplements). Every OCTA scan was screened for possible acquisition artifacts.13,14
Marinoid J, a phenylglycoside from Avicennia marina fruit, ameliorates cognitive impairment in rat vascular dementia: a quantitative iTRAQ proteomic study
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Xiang-xi Yi, Jia-yi Li, Zhen-zhou Tang, Shu Jiang, Yong-hong Liu, Jia-gang Deng, Cheng-hai Gao
The pathogenesis of VD is a complicated process, and conventional research methods have not been able to fully elucidate its many components. Proteomics can be used for large-scale studies of proteins at the structural and functional levels to obtain a global view of cellular metabolism, disease development, and other processes. Therefore, the application of proteomic technology is of great value for the prevention, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and drug discovery of various diseases (Dayon et al. 2011; Ning et al. 2011; Datta et al. 2013). To date, there have been a large number of reports on the application of proteomic technology for exploring the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular diseases. A previous study (Dhodda et al. 2004) used two-dimensional combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight analysis to determine that the expression levels of HSP70, HAP27, HAP90, platelet-activating factor receptor, β-actin, and guanylate cyclase were increased in the ischaemic rat brain. Another recent study (Van der Ende et al. 2019) also used unbiased MS to reveal 20 DEPs between symptomatic mutation carriers and noncarriers, as well as nine DEPs between symptomatic and presymptomatic carriers. These studies have helped to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of marinoid J in ameliorating changes in overall protein levels in VD. Furthermore, the identification of various DEPs is beneficial for the discovery and selection of novel drug targets for VD.
Vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies exacerbate symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Min Guo, Jiang Zhu, Ting Yang, Xi Lai, Yuxi Lei, Jie Chen, Tingyu Li
VA is a potent regulator of a series of vital biological processes, including growth and development, and retinoic acid (active metabolite of VA) is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and development of the vertebrate central nervous system. VAD not only impairs hippocampal Hebbian plasticity, spatial learning, and memory ability35,36 but also damages postnatal cognitive function via inhibition of neuronal calcium excitability in the hippocampus.37 Accumulating evidence suggests that VA may play a role in ASD.13,38 VD is important for neurodegenerative and neuroimmune disease prevention.39 Maternal VDD during pregnancy is significantly associated with offspring language impairment.40 Additionally, animal research showed that prenatal VDD is associated with altered brain development.41 Furthermore, VDD produces behavioral phenotypes that are associated with ASD,17 and a low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration may be a risk factor for ASD.42
Related Knowledge Centers
- Genital Ulcer
- Oral Sex
- Pelvic Pain
- Infection
- Vaginal Discharge
- Pathogen Transmission
- Sexual Activity
- Sexual Intercourse
- Anal Sex
- Penile Discharge